P2P.org Blog: Insights, Guides, and News (Page 9)

Chainlink P2P Validator joins Chainlink network as a node operator

The question of blockchains having trustless connection with external data is significant for the real-world implementation of highly functional smart-contracts in both new and traditional industries. Not only do they require connection to external resources, but the off-chain connection must maintain the same properties of decentralized security currently available on the underlying blockchain. With that in mind, P2P Validator is thrilled to announce the launch of our Chainlink node with the mission of providing smart-contracts with the required data feeds in an increasingly decentralized manner.Decentralized oracles solve smart contract’s lack of connection with external resources without sacrificing trustworthiness. This keeps digital agreements reliable and tamper-proof end-to-end, which is crucial for real-world usage. This vision is in line with our mission to promote the value of blockchain assets and give people access to the emerging data-driven economy.Our developer team has extensive experience in setting up secure infrastructure. P2P Validator maintains high-availability nodes and provides secure staking services for the most groundbreaking projects in the blockchain space. The node infrastructure is under advanced monitoring with 24/7 technical support, backups and alerts.<h3 id="about-chainlink">About Chainlink</h3><a href="https://chain.link/?ref=p2p.org">Chainlink</a> is a decentralized oracle network that enables smart contracts to securely access off-chain data feeds, web APIs, and traditional bank payments. Chainlink is consistently selected as one of the top blockchain technologies by leading independent research firms such as Gartner. It is well known for providing highly secure and reliable oracles to great companies like <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/data-analytics/building-hybrid-blockchain-cloud-applications-with-ethereum-and-google-cloud?ref=p2p.org">Google</a>, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/darrynpollock/2019/07/30/oracle-building-a-virtuous-cycle-of-innovation-with-start-ups-through-chainlink-and-blockchain/?ref=p2p.org#30d94a3c4ffc">Oracle</a>, <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/swift-startup-winner-demos-smart-contract-trade-5-financial-firms?ref=p2p.org">SWIFT</a>, and many other large enterprises, as well as many of the world's best smart contract projects/teams such as <a href="https://medium.com/web3foundation/web3-foundation-and-chainlink-announce-collaboration-df55ed462a3a?ref=p2p.org">Web3</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/hashgraph/hedera-hashgraph-and-chainlink-collaborate-to-provide-a-decentralized-oracle-network-for-hederas-3d1c77a6bcb9?ref=p2p.org">Hedera</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/reserve-currency/reserve-partners-with-chainlink-to-bolster-the-future-of-decentralized-stablecoins-5d486f37e92b?ref=p2p.org">Reserve</a>, <a href="https://blog.openzeppelin.com/chainlink-partnership/?ref=p2p.org">OpenZeppelin,</a> <a href="https://medium.com/@OpenLawOfficial/openlaw-teams-with-chainlink-to-bring-real-world-info-to-smart-contracts-4e7a3dac80a8?ref=p2p.org">OpenLaw</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/celer-network/celer-chainlink-combining-real-world-information-and-layer-2-scalability-24e5d478a4aa?ref=p2p.org">Celer</a>, <a href="https://blog.synthetix.io/synthetix-and-chainlink/?ref=p2p.org">Synthetix</a>, <a href="https://www.cryptoninjas.net/2019/07/30/zilliqa-smart-contracts-will-utilize-chainlink-decentralized-oracle-network/?ref=p2p.org">Zilliqa</a>, <a href="https://blog.oceanprotocol.com/ocean-protocol-chainlink-integration-e7335f880ea3?ref=p2p.org">OceanProtocol</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/amberdata/smart-contract-oracles-with-amberdata-io-358c2c422d8a?ref=p2p.org">Amberdata</a>, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarahhansen/2018/11/08/consensys-kaleido-launches-full-stack-marketplace-platform-for-enterprise-blockchains/?ref=p2p.org#6d849d2ad8ca">Kaleido</a>, <a href="https://medium.com/harmony-one/harmony-to-partner-with-chainlink-for-off-chain-connectivity-fc0372819aca?ref=p2p.org">Harmony</a>, and many more.Learn more by visiting the <a href="https://chain.link/?ref=p2p.org">Chainlink website</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/chainlink?ref=p2p.org">Twitter</a> or <a href="https://t.me/chainlinkofficial?ref=p2p.org">Telegram</a>. To discover Chainlink use cases read the <a href="https://blog.chain.link/44-ways-to-enhance-your-smart-contract-with-chainlink/?ref=p2p.org">blog post</a>. If you’re a developer, visit the <a href="https://docs.chain.link/?ref=p2p.org">developer documentation</a> or join the technical discussion on <a href="https://discord.gg/FGNyjhF?ref=p2p.org">Discord</a>.<h3 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h3><a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than 3 billion of USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 10,000 delegators across 25+ networks.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Kava How to stake KAVA tokens using kvcli

Staking will be available after a successful launch of Kava blockchain on mainnet. To use this guide you should have an existing account with KAVA tokens and connection to the node.Requirements:<ul><li>Go 1.13+</li><li>Make</li><li>Ubuntu 18.04</li></ul>1) First you have to download Make and Go-Download Make and other packets:<code>sudo apt install build-essential</code>-Download Go:<code>wget https://dl.google.com/go/go1.13.1.linux-amd64.tar.gz</code><code>sudo tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.13.1.linux-amd64.tar.gz</code><code>mkdir -p ~/go/{bin,src,pkg}</code>For correct work of Go you will need to define environment variablesExecute following commands by rotation:<code>export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin</code><code>export GOPATH=$HOME/go</code><code>export GOBIN=$GOPATH/bin</code><code>export PATH=$PATH:$GOBIN</code>For convenience add these strings to the current user profile. In Ubuntu it is: <code>~/.profile</code>. Execute <code>nano ~/.profile</code> and put strings from the previous step in the end of the file:<code>export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin</code><code>export GOPATH=$HOME/go</code><code>export GOBIN=$GOPATH/bin</code><code>export PATH=$PATH:$GOBIN</code><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-8.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1254" height="678" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-8.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/1-8.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-8.png 1254w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>After that execute: <code>source ~/.profile</code>2) Build Kava:Go to the folder <code>cd ~/go/src/</code>Execute:<code>git clone https://github.com/kava-labs/kava</code><code>cd kava</code><code>git checkout tags/v0.3.1</code><code>make install</code>If everything went as it should in the folder <code>~/go/bin</code> appeared <code>- kvd</code> and <code>- kvcli</code> packets3) Delegate KAVA tokensIn the following instruction all commands were sent from a network node in testnet and <code>chain id</code> and <code>validator address</code> values on screenshots differ from the mainnet values. The actual values provided below.To make actions further you should have:<ul><li>Kava account</li><li>Active node (if you don't have you can use our node)</li></ul>Make sure that account exists and has a positive balance:<code>kvcli keys list</code><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-10.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1259" height="535" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-10.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/2-10.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-10.png 1259w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><code>kvcli keys show <your_key_name></code><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-9.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1268" height="161" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-9.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-9.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-9.png 1268w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><code>kvcli query account <your_address> --chain-id kava-2</code><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-6.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1255" height="563" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-6.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-6.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-6.png 1255w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>For assistance with command parameters you can execute <code>kvcli tx staking delegate --help</code><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-5.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1257" height="688" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-5.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-5.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-5.png 1257w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Important note, delegation amount nominated in uKAVA. For instance, if you want to stake 100 KAVA you should enter 100000000 in the amount field. Read this chapter in full before choosing the command for your case.P2P Validator address: kavavaloper12g40q2parn5z9ewh5xpltmayv6y0q3zs6ddmdgChain ID: kava-2If you have connection to the node, for delegation execute:<code>kvcli tx staking delegate kavavaloper12g40q2parn5z9ewh5xpltmayv6y0q3zs6ddmdg <amount of KAVA you want to stake>ukava --from <address> --chain-id kava-2</code>If you don't have connection to the node you can use ours. Execute:<code>kvcli tx staking delegate kavavaloper12g40q2parn5z9ewh5xpltmayv6y0q3zs6ddmdg <amount of KAVA you want to stake>ukava --from <address> --chain-id kava-2 --node tcp://95.216.184.50:26657</code>If you used ledger to generate keys add <code>--ledger</code> in the end of command. Execute:<code>kvcli tx staking delegate kavavaloper12g40q2parn5z9ewh5xpltmayv6y0q3zs6ddmdg <amount of KAVA you want to stake>ukava --from <address> --chain-id kava-2 --node tcp://95.216.184.50:26657 --ledger</code>Below is an example of the output you should get after successful delegation.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-2.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1294" height="556" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/6-2.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/6-2.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-2.png 1294w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>If you have any questions or different operational system contact us at p2p.org or schedule a personal call with our development team to guide you through the whole process.<hr>If you have any questions feel free to contact us. We are always open for communication.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake KAVA with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/kava?ref=p2p.org">https://p2p.org/kava</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/kava_p2p?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/kava_p2p</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Tezos Confusion with calculation of available staking capacity in Tezos. Who is right?

Tezos ecosystem includes solid tools to monitor network performance and staking rewards. Block explorers represent a major part of the ecosystem transparency and health. Delegators and bakers often rely on such tools before making decisions such as, should I add to my self-bond or which baker to stake with. Diversity of these services provide users with unique experience and allow them to choose one that corresponds to a particular need.Analytical explorers display two types of parameters. The first is derived right from the blockchain data and in most cases they are identical on different analytical tools. Values of these parameters can be slightly different on various explorers because of the network data update frequency. The second type of parameters is calculated using network variables and blockchain data.It may lead to a confusion when the same variable has different values on multiple resources. It can be because of different approaches taken for calculation or using different timeframes. Currently, available staking capacity has different values for the same bakers on various analytical websites. It represents an amount of XTZ that can be staked with a particular baker without making him over-delegated. Delegated tokens above the limit will not contribute to the power of the baker.<h3 id="example">Example</h3>Stats for P2P Validator on various analytical tools for 19.03.2020:Tzstats.io: staking capacity = 14 048 492 XTZ resulting in available staking capacity = 1 971 806 XTZ.MyTezosBaker: available staking capacity = 802 752 XTZ| staking capacity = 12 881 681 XTZ.Tezos Nodes: available staking capacity = 2 007 769 XTZ resulting in staking capacity = 14 079 769 XTZ.Baking Bad: available staking capacity = 1 972 000 XTZ resulting in staking capacity = 14 044 000 XTZ.In some cases, the difference between the values above is significant and cannot be explained by fluctuations of baking rights and endorsements. Who is right?The purpose of this post is to establish a single approach for available staking capacity calculation and eliminate errors and confusion for end users on various analytical resources. Below I share my understanding of the correct approach to calculate this parameter and invite everyone in Tezos community to join the discussion, express your point of view or suggest other ways of thinking about this parameter.<h1 id="security-deposit">Security deposit</h1>In order to create blocks baker should maintain a specific amount of self-bond that is used for security deposit required by the Tezos protocol and subjected to slashing as a measure against misbehavior. Security deposit per created block is equal to 512 XTZ and per endorsement is equal to 64 XTZ. When validator bakes block or endorses, these funds become frozen for a number of preserved cycles defined by the protocol and unfreeze at their end.If we assume that 100% of total supply participate in staking we can calculate the minimum bond requirement for a baker: <code>((block_security_depo + endorsement_security_depo * endorsers_per_block) * blocks_per_cycle * (preserved_cycles+1)) / total_supply</code>Let's split this formula into parts:Part 1: <code>block_security_depo + endorsement_security_depo * endorsers_per_block</code>In this part we calculate the total amount of security deposit per block.Part 2: <code>blocks_per_cycle * (preserved_cycles+1)</code>By multiplying the total security deposit per block by the number of blocks in the cycle and frozen period plus one we get the total amount of XTZ that are frozen for preserved cycles.Part 3: <code>Part 1 * Part 2 / total_supply</code>Here we finally calculate the security deposit share of the total supply.Let's crunch some numbers:<code>block_security_depo = 512 XTZ</code><code>endorsement_security_depo = 64 XTZ</code><code>endorsers_per_block = 32</code><code>blocks_per_cycle = 4096</code><code>preserved_cycles = 5</code>All these parameters are derived from a Tezos protocol and represent constant values until community decides to propose changes via governance procedure. The only dynamic parameter is <code>total_supply</code> which is equal ~ 829,34 million XTZ (19.03.2020).The actual self-bond requirement is floating as baking frequency and endorsement rights are changing but for this case we will not take possible baking deviations into consideration.The whole calculation of minimum self-bond requirement if 100% tokens at stake look like: <code>((512 + 64 * 32) * 4096 * (5+1)) / 829 340 996 = 7,59%</code>.With a decrease of total supply percentage at stake, minimum self-bond requirement will increase as overall share of frozen XTZ in a security deposit related to the participating tokens will be higher.To calculate the exact self-bond requirement we can simply put the exact number of tokens at stake instead of <code>total_supply</code> or divide the result of previous calculation, made for 100% staked tokens, by the actual percentage of staked XTZ. It will result in ~9,64% of actual self-bond requirement for a baker.The only caveat here is that <code>total_supply</code> is growing over time while security deposits remain the same. In the long run it will result in lower self-bond requirement as well as the network security.<h1 id="available-staking-capacity">Available staking capacity</h1>After finding the exact self-bond requirement we can answer two questions:1) Does a particular baker maintain sufficient self-bond?2) How many XTZ a particular baker can accept before it becomes over-delegated?To answer the first question we should find a self-bond share in the total staking balance.<code>staking_balance = self_bond + delegated_balance</code><code>self_bond / staking_balance * 100 = X%</code>.If <code>X > actual_self_bond_req</code> then baker has enough self-bond and won't miss baking or endorsement slots.The answer to the second question is available staking capacity. To find this value we should substract staking balance from the maximum balance.<code>max_balance = self_bond / actual_self_bond_req</code><code>available_staking_capacity = max_balance - staking_balance</code>To make calculation of available capacity even more precise you can adjust <code>self_bond</code> by <code>frozen_fees</code> + <code>frozen_rewards</code> as they do not take part in security deposits and use actual rolls of a baker to get the actual <code>staking_balance</code>.Using formulas from above we get <code>available staking capacity of P2P Validator ~ 1 997 663 XTZ</code> (19.03.2020).Seems like <a href="https://baking-bad.org/?ref=p2p.org">Baking Bad</a>, <a href="https://tzstats.com/tz1P2Po7YM526ughEsRbY4oR9zaUPDZjxFrb?ref=p2p.org">Tzstats</a> and <a href="https://www.tezos-nodes.com/?ref=p2p.org">Tezos Nodes</a> are quite aligned with the value and use similar approach for calculation of a baker free space.Now you have all the necessary information to check by yourself if the self-bond is sufficient enough to bake and what is the available staking capacity of a baker. In addition, we have created a <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ZxRBHETPixxeYAG0efJbXsKeiIHPq1nGWJ2ZazND2a8/edit?ref=p2p.org#gid=1765745933">spreadsheet with prepared calculations</a> for simplicity. We also improved a calculation for self-bond and staking balance of a baker to make available capacity value even more precise.<hr>Special thanks to Baking Bad and StakeNow for paying attention to the article and facilitating valuable discussions.<hr>P2P Validator provides secure non-custodial staking. Subscribe to our channels and stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake XTZ with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/p2p.org/tezos">p2p.org/tezos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Cyberway Cyberway delegation guide

To participate in Cyberway economy you need to purchase CYBER tokens on kuna.io exchange. To become a delegator you can stake using <a href="https://cyberway.gitbook.io/en/validators/stake_usage_guide?ref=p2p.org">cleos</a> or transfer tokens to your golos.io account and delegate from there.Create an account on golos.ioVisit golos.io web page<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-9.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="369" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-9.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/1-9.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-9.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Press <code>sign up</code> and complete all the required fields<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-11.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="400" height="480"></figure>After filling in the verification code you will get a pdf file with all the information related to your account. Save it in a secure place.Send CYBER tokens to your accountPress <code>three-dot</code> button on the top right side of the screen<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-10.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="369" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-10.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-10.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-10.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Choose a <code>setting</code> tab<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-7.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="498" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-7.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-7.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-7.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Here navigate to the <code>account</code> button<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-6.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="575" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-6.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-6.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-6.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Here you will see your user ID. It is also written down in a PDF file that you will have received after registration. Put this address as a destination point for sending CYBER tokens from an exchange<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-3.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="578" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/6-3.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/6-3.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-3.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>You will be able to check your balance in a wallet tab, see if a transaction was successful and funds have been received<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-2.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="547" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/7-2.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/7-2.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-2.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Delegate CYBER tokens to a validatorTo delegate your stake to a validator you will need to convert your CYBER into a STAKE CYBER. Press <code>convert</code>.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/8-2.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="491" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/8-2.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/8-2.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/8-2.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>You will see a conversion window where you should select CYBER<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/9-2.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="500" height="464"></figure>Fill the desired amount to bond and press <code>convert</code><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/10-1.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="500" height="357"></figure>After that you will see the converted amount of tokens in your wallet.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/11-1.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="543" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/11-1.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/11-1.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/11-1.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Now you can choose a validator. Press <code>three-dot</code> button on the top right side of the screen and go to the <code>validators</code> tab.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/12-1.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="498" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/12-1.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/12-1.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/12-1.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>On the list find <code>@creator</code> and press the upward arrow beside the name (in the same row)<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/13-1.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="548" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/13-1.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/13-1.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/13-1.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>In a dialog window fill the amount of tokens you wish to delegate and press <code>transfer</code><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/14.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="914" height="518" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/14.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/14.PNG 914w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>You will see the delegated amount beside the name of your chosen validator<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/15.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="555" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/15.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/15.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/15.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Congratulations! You have finished the delegation process. You will receive your staking reward each <code>3499 blocks</code> (~3 hours).<hr>If you have any questions feel free to contact our team. We are always open for communication.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

DAOBet P2P Validator is validating DAOBet to drive the vision of fair iGaming

iGaming industry is growing really fast. Size of the online gambling market is anticipated to almost double and will reach <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-online-gambling-market-size-worth-usd-73-45-billion-by-2024-hexa-research-869794438.html?ref=p2p.org">73</a> - <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/270728/market-volume-of-online-gaming-worldwide/?ref=p2p.org">94</a> billion USD in 2024. Traditional solutions offer high level of user experience but still lack transparency and fairness. These limitations can be resolved with blockchain technology which properties as immutability and openness become a perfect fit for trustless gambling.<a href="https://daobet.org/?ref=p2p.org">DAOBet</a> is a game changer for iGaming industry and one of the best existing production ready solutions on the market. It is a blockchain infrastructure for online gambling that is based on a EOS codebase with some <a href="https://daobet.org/blog/why-did-we-choose-eos/?ref=p2p.org">notable improvements</a>, developing especially for online gaming industry.It uses Proof-Of-Stake to secure the network and allows lower latency and higher throughput with a registered peak of 12 000 transactions in one second. Every user may also own a share of the network earning rewards by staking BET tokens.<h1 id="current-state-of-the-project">Current state of the project</h1>DAOBet includes necessary features to provide solid user experience eliminating the need to trust a centralized game provider.<ul><li>Fast transaction speed at low cost</li><li>Network decentralization provided by 100 independent validators</li><li>Deterministic finality, approved transaction cannot be reverted</li><li>True fairness proven by <a href="https://daobet.org/blog/dao-casino-awarded-certificate-of-integrity-by-gli-for-signidice-rng/?ref=p2p.org">certified random number generator</a></li><li>WebAssembly virtual machine compatible with EOS</li></ul>The <a href="https://daovalidator.com/?ref=p2p.org">Game Of Stake</a> incentivized testnet is in full swing right now and will last due October 10, 2019. It is an important event to test network conditions and prepare for mainnet launch that is planned in the end of Q3, 2019.We are glad to be a DAOBet validator and share the vision of fair and comfortable gaming experience without the need to rely on a centralized entity.<hr>If you have any questions feel free to contact our team. We are always open for communication.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Tezos P2P Validator: our payout model for Tezos rewards is changed

At <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org</a> we want to build the most simple and secure staking service for our clients. Our delegators prefer to get their rewards faster and we have done it! We are improving the staking experience for all our delegators making P2P Validator a comfortable and robust partner to stake with.<h1 id="first-tezos-payout-40-faster">First Tezos payout 40% faster</h1>When someone delegates XTZ to a baker, the staked amount begins to generate rewards 7 cycles (1 cycle ~ 3 days) after the cycle the delegation was made. At the end of this period stake earns a portion of the total rewards generated in each of the following cycles. These rewards get frozen for 5 cycles together with the security deposits. If a baker double-bakes or double-endorses these funds get seized from the baker as a punishment measure. In addition, the baker loses all the rewards and fees that were locked together with the security deposits.Each baker decides their reward payout model. To make the staking process easier we will pay rewards that are frozen from our own funds since they are already earned. The first payout will follow after the 7th cycle. All delegators will get their rewards in advance even in cases of slashing.<h3 id="new-delegators">New delegators</h3>Example - you started staking at <code>cycle 154</code>. The user will get their first reward after twelve cycles. Rewards begin accumulating after the 7th cycle. The first reward will follow at <code>cycle 166</code>. However, if you delegate to <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">P2P Validator</a> you will get your first payout at <code>cycle 161</code>, which is 15 days earlier than originally expected. This method decreases the wait period for the first payout by 40%.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-10.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1743" height="361" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-10.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/1-10.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/1-10.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-10.png 1743w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="recent-delegators">Recent delegators</h3>On October 1, 2019 our existing delegators will get their rewards that are currently frozen and will continue to receive payouts each following cycle. For example, if you delegated in <code>145 cycle</code>, you will get rewards for two cycles (C152, C153) with two transactions. Each payout will correspond with the reward of the cycle. After that you will get payouts each cycle, so the next reward will be distributed at <code>cycle 155</code>.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-12.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1639" height="295" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-12.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/2-12.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/2-12.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-12.png 1639w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="early-delegators">Early delegators</h3>For our early clients who have been with us for more than twelve cycles, these changes will mean that you will receive your frozen rewards immediately. For example, if you delegated at <code>cycle 142</code> under the old payout model you would have received rewards for <code>cycle 149</code> at <code>cycle 154</code>. In our new model, at <code>cycle 154</code> you will receive five payouts for cycles 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 that correspond with the reward of the cycle. After that cycle you will continue to receive rewards each following cycle without further delays or shortfalls. Thank you for delegating with us!<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-11.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1734" height="275" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-11.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-11.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/3-11.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-11.png 1734w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>We have confidence in the resilience of our infrastructure. We take full responsibility for any losses in the event of double-baking/endorsing occurring. In other words, if such an event takes place all delegators will get their rewards as planned and losses will be assumed by our bakery.Safety of rewards for our delegators is our top priority. We insure our payouts with Baking Bad so, if we miss a significant number of blocks or endorsements (in other words if our performance is less than 90%), the corresponding reward will still be paid. We actively manage our self-bond to increase capacity and maintain the highest possible reliability AAA+ rating.We hope such a payout model will add value for our delegators and simplify the understanding of our rewards payout schedule for Tezos.If you have any questions feel free to contact our team. We are always open for communication.<hr>Thanks to <a href="https://sure.baking-bad.org/?ref=p2p.org">Baking Bad</a>, David Telfer and our active delegator John for their help in improving this article.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake XTZ with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/tezos?ref=p2p.org">https://p2p.org/tezos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Kusama Kusama network delegation guide

If you participated in a Polkadot fundraiser and received your DOT indicator tokens you can claim KSM with your original Ethereum address.This guide is out of date, for actual instruction use <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/polkadot-nomination-guide">Polkadot nomination guide</a> and repeat the same steps for Kusama. To get list of up-to-date addresses for nomination in Kusama visit <a href="https://p2p.org/kusama?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org/kusama</a>)<a href="https://p2p.org/economy/kusama-network-delegation-guide/#create-an-account-on-kusama-network">Create an account on Kusama network</a><a href="https://p2p.org/economy/kusama-network-delegation-guide/#claim-your-ksm">Claim your KSM</a><a href="https://p2p.org/economy/kusama-network-delegation-guide/#nominate-validators">Nominate validators</a><h1 id="create-an-account-on-kusama-network">Create an account on Kusama network</h1>First, you need to create a Kusama account. Visit <a href="https://polkadot.js.org/apps/?ref=p2p.org#/accounts">Polkadot UI</a>, go to <code>Settings</code> tab and select <code>address prefix</code>.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/prefix.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="729" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/prefix.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/prefix.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/prefix.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>In a dropdown menu select Kusama (canary) and click <code>Save</code>.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-13.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="695" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-13.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/2-13.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-13.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Go to <code>Account</code> tab and press <code>Add account</code> button<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-12.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="744" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-12.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-12.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-12.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Complete all the required fields and save all information in a secure place. For future ease add in the name of the account “stash” to identify it easily in the future or add a tag after creation. You will be able to download and store your encrypted keystore locally.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-8.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="743" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-8.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-8.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-8.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Press <code>Save</code> and backup your account<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-7.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="746" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-7.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-7.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-7.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>For secure staking you will need to have at least two accounts:Stash - the primary account that holds the funds. The funds can be kept in a cold wallet and all bonded KSM are locked. After unbonding, users must wait for a time before they can access the locked funds.Controller - a separate account to control and perform commands for stash account, like changing nominations, starting or stopping nominating and so on. It needs to have sufficient funds in KSM to send transactions when actions are taken.Now you have created one account that initially will perform both functions. It will appear in your <code>Accounts</code> tab. After enablement of transactions, it is recommended to create a separate account, send 1 KSM to it and use it as a controller.<h1 id="claim-your-ksm">Claim your KSM</h1>After account registration you need to claim your KSM. Go to the <a href="https://polkadot.js.org/apps/?ref=p2p.org#/claims">claim app</a> on Polkadot UI, select your account and press <code>Continue</code>.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-4.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="744" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/6-4.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/6-4.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-4.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>To connect Kusama address with Ethereum fundraiser address you will need to sign the message with the ETH address that has DOT indicator tokens and paste the transaction signature in the empty box below.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-3.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="753" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/7-3.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/7-3.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-3.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>To sign a transaction you can use MyCrypto (MC) or MyEtherWallet (MEW). For increased security, you can run one of the preferred applications on your local computer. Make sure you have downloaded the latest version for your operating system.In MC go to <code>Sign & Verify Message</code>, in MEW go to <code>Message</code> tab. Copy text from the dotted box in the Polkadot claim app you used at the start and paste it into the empty message box in the MC or MEW and click <code>Sign</code>.After that you will get an output. Copy and paste it into the empty box in the Polkadot claim app and press <code>Confirm claim</code>.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/8-3.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="747" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/8-3.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/8-3.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/8-3.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>If you have a valid claim you will see a green box. This means that you are able to take part in staking and governance. Token transfers are prohibited at the moment.<h1 id="nominate-validators">Nominate validators</h1>a) First you need to bond your KSM that are in the stash account.Visit the<a href="https://polkadot.js.org/apps?ref=p2p.org"> Polkadot UI</a> and select <code>Staking</code> tab.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/9-3.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="734" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/9-3.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/9-3.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/9-3.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Then choose <code>Account actions</code> tab at the top of the screen<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/10-2.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="734" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/10-2.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/10-2.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/10-2.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Press <code>New stake</code> button<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/11-2.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="724" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/11-2.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/11-2.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/11-2.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>In the modal window choose your stash account and a controller account (in our case they are the same and their names and addresses will match). Put the number of KSM you are willing to bond.This amount should be less than the total amount in your stash to pay fees or set a separate controller account for your stash account in future.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/12-2.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="726" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/12-2.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/12-2.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/12-2.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>b) After your KSM are bonded you will be able to nominate up to 16 validators. Bonded tokens will be automatically delegated to chosen validators in a proportion that will be defined by the algorithm. If you want to delegate a specific number of tokens to a particular validator you have to select only one validator for your stash account. The number of tokens bonded in this stash account will be delegated to this validator.Go to <code>Staking overview</code> tab. In the left-hand column are the initial Proof-of-Authority validators that do not accept nominations. To nominate P2P Validator find us in the right-hand column.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/13-2.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="752" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/13-2.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/13-2.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/13-2.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>You can find an up-to-date list of recommended addresses on <a href="https://p2p.org/kusama?ref=p2p.org">our website</a>. Copy our addresses one by one:<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/14-1.PNG" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="744" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/14-1.PNG 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/14-1.PNG 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/14-1.PNG 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>After that scroll up to <code>Account Actions</code> tab that is above the <code>Staking</code> tab and you will see your bonded account.Press the <code>Nominate</code> button and paste the copied address in the blank field.Sign and submit the transaction.<hr>Hooray, now you can officially call yourself a nominator and are fully prepared to earn rewards immediately after the launch of public network.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake KSM with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/kusama?ref=p2p.org">https://p2p.org/kusama</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/P2Pstaking</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Tezos Stake Tezos with Ledger on p2p.org

Staking is always comes with some degree of risk. The delegation process in most cases is not a simple one and a possible danger lies in the need to store your tokens with a third party provider in order to improve your staking experience. The fundamental rule is: your keys - your crypto. When you hold your keys you control the risk, when you use third parties in order to simplify the delegation process you transfer the risk to them.One of the most secure ways to become a delegator is to use cold staking from your hardware wallet even if sometimes it is less convenient. Now you can simply hold your Tezos in your Ledger and safely delegate to P2P Validator using a simple staking tool on our website.To get started go to <a href="https://p2p.org/tezos/?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org/tezos</a> and click on “Delegate with Ledger” button.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/04/image-4.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="741" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/04/image-4.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/04/image-4.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2021/04/image-4.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2021/04/image-4.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="step-1-choose-tezos-from-the-list-of-available-networks">Step 1. Choose Tezos from the list of available networks</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/04/image-5.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1368" height="1040" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/04/image-5.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/04/image-5.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/04/image-5.png 1368w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="step-2-connect-your-ledger-device-and-navigate-to-tezos-app">Step 2. Connect your Ledger Device and Navigate to Tezos App</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/04/image-7.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1364" height="974" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/04/image-7.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/04/image-7.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/04/image-7.png 1364w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>After a successful connection, you will see your address and available balance for delegation in the opened window.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/04/image-6.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1356" height="1102" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/04/image-6.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/04/image-6.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/04/image-6.png 1356w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="step-4-confirm-transaction">Step 4. Confirm Transaction</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/04/image-8.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1372" height="1354" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/04/image-8.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/04/image-8.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/04/image-8.png 1372w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Some key facts about Tezos (XTZ) staking with P2P:<ul><li>You will get your first reward 40% faster with P2P.</li><li>There is no unstaking period and your tokens will be transferable immediately upon unstaking.</li><li>Staking rewards distributed every cycle (~2,8 days).</li><li>All staking rewards are compounded automatically.</li></ul><hr>If you have any additional questions, please don't hesitate to ask them in our <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">Telegram </a>community and support at <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org</a>.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web: <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org</a>Stake your XTZ with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/tezos?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org/tezos</a>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">@p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos, Kava Kava - The first decentralized lending platform in Cosmos

We live in a world of finance. Monetary incentives and market movements influence our daily decisions and define human lives in general. Under capitalism, the financial industry has become global expressing economic relations between people and institutions. Nowadays, existing wealth distribution mechanisms are inefficient and the economic environment is unstable. A lack of trust become inevitable and we are moving into the new era of decentralized finance (DeFi). Borderless, accessible and transparent interactions between participants without counterparties to transform old and inefficient financial instruments is the new paradigm of the trustless economy.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="938" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Kava is the first decentralized bank in the <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/introduction-to-cosmos-economy">Cosmos ecosystem</a> bridging broad digital assets to DeFi. With interoperability in mind and solid team cross-chain expertise Kava blockchain will bring new markets to the Cosmos ecosystem providing users with the liquidity and the necessary fundamentals for DeFi applications and services.<h1 id="4-de-s-of-kava">4 "De-s" of Kava</h1>1) De-centralized lending solution. Any person can take a loan in a stablecoin collateralized with crypto assets. There is no third party involved and each person is self-responsible for managing debt and lends to himself. This allows people to release a portion of stacked liquidity from passively held digital assets and spend it on whatever they want.2) De-centralized margin trading. When users put crypto collateral to take a loan they can use it for doubling-down their long position in a particular asset. In this case, if the collateral value of the asset increases the user may get a higher profit.3) De-centralized stablecoin. Kava platform provides a mechanism to issue a stable digital currency through collateralized debt position (CDP). Stable digital currency maintains <code>1:1 peg</code> to <code>USD</code> playing role of a hedge against a bear market or a true mean of exchange without explicit volatility. It allows decentralized stablecoin to take part in broader financial applications like decentralized exchanges and financial marketplaces, creating a wide space for DeFi development.4) De-centralized governance and ownership. The most exciting part is that everyone can participate in the project's evolution and own a share of the network. All participants who stake native token <code>KAVA</code> will be rewarded for effective governance depending on transaction fees, total supply emission and repaid loan fees.Cosmos ecosystem is designed with existing assets like <code>BTC</code> or <code>XRP</code> in mind. If we assume that just <code>1%</code> of <code>BTC</code> will take part in DeFi it will result in more than <code>1,5 billion USD</code> value injection also adding to a scarcity of <code>BTC</code> positively influencing the cryptocurrency market in general.<hr>In the next chapters we will dive deeper into details of Kava platform and cover staking benefits, CDP, existing risks associated with staking and other important topics.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Explain Like I'm Five, Tezos, Staking No loss of rewards, change a baker!

<blockquote>Enjoy a second post in our comic-strip <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/category/Eli5/">style Eli5 series</a> covering loss of rewards, stopping baking and redelegation in Tezos blockchain.</blockquote>Arthur is having dinner with Kate, a colleague from work. They get on very well and talk about a lot of things about themselves. They discover they both have the same opinion about banks - they are crypto-enthusiasts.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/1.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Arthur and Kate share their experiences with PoS tokens. They both love Tezos as an up-and-coming network.Arthur: Who is your delegator? I have been with P2P Validator since 2018. I love their intuitive dashboard - I can see my rewards and rewards history at a glance.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-1.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-1.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/2-1.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-1.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Kate: Oh, I really struggle to find out my rewards. My delegator is terrible at keeping me in the loop. I discovered they didn’t pay my rewards on time or in full. It’s a real headache.A: Be carefull, maybe in future they may not pay at all. Why not change? It's really simple.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-1.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-1.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-1.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-1.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>K: Won't I lose my rewards while I’m redelegating?A: No, your rewards from your old baker must be paid to you in full even when you stop baking completely. If you redelegate, your new baker will start to pay your rewards automatically when they are due.K: That sounds great! How do I get started?A: It’s easy, just follow these simple steps:<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-1.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-1.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-1.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-1.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>step 1: Open your wallet and select your delegating accountstep 2: Press Delegate than Update delegate buttonsstep 3: Confirm with Ledger and enter P2P Validator address, finally Confirm once more.K: Do you recommend that I choose P2P Validator?<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-8.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-8.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-8.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-8.png 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>A: Absolutely. They are extremely efficient, have a great track record and only charge a fair validator fee.K: You’ve sold them to me. How about coming up for a cup of coffee and help me to do it now.A: This will be the beginning of a beautiful relationship!<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-5.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/6-5.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/6-5.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-5.png 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>In our next story you will learn about Proof-of-Stake (POS) and staking. Let us know what you think and make suggestions for topics you would like us to cover.Let’s stake together!Website: <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=Tezos1post&utm_medium=creds_link&utm_campaign=blog">p2p.org</a>Stake XTZ with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/tezos?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org/tezos</a>Twitter: <a href="http://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">twitter.com/p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="http://t.me/p2porg?ref=p2p.org">t.me/p2porg</a>

Alex Michailow

from p2p validator

Cyberway Introduction to CyberWay

<h1 id="introduction">Introduction</h1>Since the development of the first blockchain database named “Bitcoin”, complex transaction behaviour was a “Holy Grail” for people wondering how they could pay, bet, play, and even order pizza with such assets.The first complex transaction logic implementation was made available right in “Bitcoin” with a stack virtual machine providing a limited set of operations for the end-user to make some fun with it. Fine example is an Omni-layer built on top of the operations set, which end-user intention is to provide a creation and usage of the custom user-defined assets. Such a system successfully fulfilled contemporary requirements for liquid asset transfer. Unfortunately, such an application logic usage rapidly overflowed the throughput available, so no mass adoption happened.Another attempt to provide the customizable complex transaction behaviour was made with creation of “Ethereum”, which provided some created from scratch programming language called “Solidity” for creation of even more complex application logic, hoping it would not overflow the database throughput. Obviously this lead to another failure. Primal language and naive database architecture understanding did not survive the reality check - in 2017 the protocol was literally down with CryptoKitties hype.The scalability troubles got up again, so another popular solution was rapidly proposed. It’s name was EOS. The solution was to split the computable transaction complex behaviour and to process it with the set of cluster nodes, which were called “Block producers”. This lead to the entrustment of an enourmous responsibility to these “Block producers”. They were now not only about data storage providers, but also computation providers. Now these guys not only store and process your data, but they even define the way your transaction behaves itself, define if they allow such a transaction to be written or not. Futhermore, such an “improvement” lead to the unacceptable database node hardware requirements, which made the support truly awful. Moreover such a split was not enough for building production-ready applications - who would like to find out if the upvote transaction, which was even payed for, was at first queued and then rejected?<h2 id="you-have-something-to-propose">You have something to propose?</h2>Yeap. The following blog post series is about the CyberWay (<a href="https://cyberway.io/?ref=p2p.org">https://cyberway.io</a>) - improved and refactored EOS fork.<h1 id="proposal">Proposal</h1>So what is CyberWay particularily about?<h2 id="eos-compatibility">EOS-compatibility</h2>First of all the backward compatibility is held. The code contains most of the tolerable EOS parts, but excludes the awful ones. So-called “Smart Contracts” API backward compatiblity is held too, but the insides have changed. That means every EOS application could easily become the CyberWay-based one and vice versa. Enough of that. Next.<h2 id="bandwidth">Bandwidth</h2>EOS’s bandwidth distribution is closely related to the amount of asset the particular user owns. Furthermore, it requires for the user to hold the asset to be available for the usage at any time. That means the asset becomes a highly valuable, but also it becomes the non-available for the newcomers one. So no newcoming applications are welcomed to be built with EOS.Striving to eliminate these inconveniences Cyberway introduces some changes.The bandwitdh accounting is split to the couple of categories:<ol><li>Priority-based bandwidth allows a user to get required computational facilities according to the amount of core-asset available.</li><li>Shared bandwidth supplies users with the unused computational power according to the particular user activity.</li></ol><h2 id="state-storage">State Storage</h2>EOS’s state storage is extremely unreliable and does not ensures that data is saved and restored after restart correctly. Futhermore EOS does not provide any convenient API, but supposes the data structure stored inside would be complex.CyberWay solves these troubles. CyberWay uses the external DBMS for the state storage, which means the particular developer favourite query language can be used and the external well-designed replication and clusterisation mechanisms, done by real engineers and scientists, are also about to reduce the hardware costs and make life easier.<h2 id="event-engine">Event Engine</h2>Because of the storage internals being factored out the separate service, the additional transaction contents-based event engine implementation is required. It is now impossible to alert the CyberWay executable from the various database if something happened or not, just like it was in EOS. Monitoring-purposed event engine, implemented as a part of updateable application, takes back the ability to track changes coming with every transaction, even if the data storage is completely outside.<h2 id="virtualization">Virtualization</h2>Just like EOS, CyberWay requires for the transaction behaviour to be updated easier, than updating the whole cluster software. That is why the WebAssembly engine is used for the virtualization purposes and with C++ as primary language for the application development.<h1 id="separation">Separation</h1>Why don’t just patch EOS?Several troubles are about the data itself, and not the code:<ol><li>EOS’s architecture made the memory quant an expensive one: according to the <a href="https://eosrp.io/?ref=p2p.org">https://eosrp.io</a> the cost of such a memory quant fluctuates from \$0.2 to \$0.5. That means any transaction-intensive application (e.g. some social applications) with even a quite small amount of active users (e.g. 2000-3000) would take at least 400MB per week, which would cost up to \$200,000.</li></ol>EOS’s custom transaction behaviour is stored inside the huge hash-table allocated over a shared memory and the access is provided with an interface, based on quite sofisiticated executable logic, which also costs.The obvious solution - to make a cache service and process the data all inside it - is also quite a task because:<ol><li>The so-called “Constitution” of EOS defines the largest time interval available for the unused data to be stored with the same ownership as 3 years. This is quite unacceptable with some kind of applications (e.g. social ones) demanding data availability from the very beggining, but the changes are hard to make because lots of other application types are perfetcly fine with this.</li><li>EOS is made to produce replication packages as fast as it can - about half of a second. Such a frequency is fine for marketing purposes, but it significally reduces the complexity of custom transaction logic. This is also unacceptable.</li><li>Reduced amount of validators - only 21, and no significant increase is expected because of EOS protocol restrictions.</li><li>Censorship availability for validators implemented right in the protocol core.</li></ol><h1 id="applications">Applications</h1>Applications are welcomed to use the following.<h2 id="shared-bandwidth">Shared Bandwidth</h2>Shared bandwidth sets a limit for the user activity based on its’ staked asset amount, but no less than some basic threshold. This is required to prevent spam to database from the newcomers, and redistribute more computational resources to the succesful application developers.Shared bandwidth is accounted separately for the network, RAM and CPU usage.Coming to accounting - this is done with particular application bandwidth balance, which shares the convenient part for the user performing the transaction. That is why this is called “Shared” bandwidth. The application is a multisignature account, which requires at least one additional signature from the particular user, for its’ bandiwidth to be used.This type of bandwidth allows CyberWay to provide applications with free on-boarding of users at early stages via CyberWay Acceleration Program. Later successful application could get CYBER tokens within Acceleration Program from special fund.<h2 id="priority-based-bandwidth">Priority-Based Bandwidth</h2>Priority-based bandwidth is required for the user to surely write the transaction. It is formed with the amount of core asset staked by the particular user and guarantees the transaction gets written right at next replication time. The whole amount of staked core asset forms the bandwidth market.Each account gets a share from the whole bandwidth market according to the amount of core asset the account has staked. Considering the case some user owned and staked the significant part of the whole bandwidth supply means the reduction of the resources available for other users. This is definitely not something requiring applications want.That is why CyberWay introduces the prioritization of the bandwidth. That means the bandwidth gets split to a couple of categories:<ol><li>Guaranteed bandwidth, which works exactly as EOS’s one.</li><li>Priority bandwidth, which is defined according to the particular account priority.</li></ol>How do account earn the priority?There are couple of ways:<ol><li>Perform less transactions using the currently available guaranteed bandwidth. The priority lowers as more transactions gets put inside with a single user.</li><li>Stake more core asset.</li></ol>The guaranteed/prioritized bandwidth split ratio is set by the cluster validators.<h2 id="memory-rent">Memory Rent</h2>Cluster RAM is something the applications require to work. In contrast to EOS, CyberWay supposes the RAM to be rented from so-called block producers, but not to be owned. The rules are the following:<ul><li>Every block producer sets a price for 1Kb memory per month. The price begins from the median price value across all block producers.</li><li>Users place their orders for some particular memory amount rent per month.</li><li>The order is recognized as emplaced for a week, after that it gets evaluated in case the cluster-wide demanded memory is lower than the amount of proposed one.</li><li>In case the proposed amount of memory is lower than demanded, proposed memory gets auctioned.</li></ul>In case the memory rent time is up, but there is still some user data stored inside, the archive operation is introduced. Block producers are in charge of initiating such an archivation and the restore is available for the user for the price median-valued among block producers.<h2 id="dbms-based-state-storage">DBMS-based State Storage</h2>Inspite of existing so-called “blockchain” databases, CyberWay does not intend to implement the database management software and uses the external DBMS as a state storage for more reliability. For now, only MongoDB is available, but in case of requirements, more are coming. Such a configuration considered to be troublesome for managing, but more reliable in long term.Embedded state storage is also available in CyberWay. RocksDB is used for the in-memory and in-daemon storage management component that is faster than MongoDB.<h2 id="event-engine-1">Event Engine</h2>As the state storage engine is incapsulated and factored out of the controller daemon, the event engine is implemented as a helper application, syncronizing and managing the data in external storages.The input of such an application is a transaction set, each of which gets registered as “processed” and only after this the data are unpacked to state storage.Such an approach allows to make sure the routine data operations are processed as required and to split the data managing daemon to single-responsibility micro-services.<h1 id="domain-names">Domain Names</h1>Every created account is not identified with a key as other databases do, but it gets a unique 8 byte identifier encoded in base32. Also a human-readable 63 byte length unique names are available for the assignment for every user. In case of the amount of such names is greater than one, it gets charged and called a “Domain Name”.Every domain name can be auctioned from base protocol or created by owner of a lower-level domain name. Domain names are transferable and reassignable. Therefore, a need for conversion between a domain name and account identifier gets satisfied with a newly introduced sufficient mechanism as much as need for domain transactions. Domain transactions are transactions which get applied to the data only related to the particular domain-name/application.<h1 id="protocol-properties">Protocol Properties</h1>Protocol properties are also got changed comparing to EOS’s ones.<h2 id="block-generation">Block Generation</h2>First of all, block generation time is increased for achieving more stable node replication. EOS’s 0.5 second block replication time is fine for most application in case of all the nodes are located in the same datacenter. But for truly distributed protocol, this requires to be increased due to increased network latency. CyberWay supposes the block replication time to be 3 seconds.<h2 id="block-producers">Block Producers</h2>Block producers are the key members of a protocol. They keep the database safe and consistent and get rewarded for that.Inspite of EOS’s 21 default block producers, in CyberWay the number of block producers is to be increased up to 101 in the future. This is required for more decentralization to be achieved.<h2 id="consensus-algorithm">Consensus Algorithm</h2>CyberWay consensus algorithm is heavily inspired by Tezos’ and Cosmos’ one. So, active users are rewarded for voting and non-active users are punished for not voting.Every account is allowed to vote for several validators with staked tokens.Block producer’s weigh is determined as follows: w = m / sqrt(S), where m is a number of votes for any particular candidate, S is a total number of votes for any particular candidate (or number of stakes tokens as 1 vote is 1 token)A particular block producer receives a reward from the emission and redistributes a share of it among his supporters. In case of misbehavior, e.g. a block omission, the block producer as well as his supporters are fined. The staked tokens are burned. This novelty makes block producers more responsible, and voters more careful and thoughtful.The block producers get a share of emission. The share depends on the total amount of staked tokens. The more tokens are staked, the less inflation is. Thus, the CyberWay has in-built incentives for users to participate in governance via voting. Moreover, the passive users are diluted as they do not get any rewards from validators.What if some user considers another user to understand better, which block producer is the best service provider? This gets covered by CyberWay with a proxy mechanism which ensures that some user could delegate his own assets to another user called “Proxy”. The proxy user gets fees for its service.<h2 id="censorship">Censorship</h2>In contrast to EOS, CyberWay completely removes any inequality between the users. There are no privileged accounts, no so-called “Constitution”, no blacklists.<h2 id="workers">Workers</h2>Workers are the mechanism first introducted in BitShares. These are users, who get their issuance share for making improvements for the protocol. The improvement can be registered and referenced by any user, particular improvement to resolve is selected via voting by validators.<h1 id="conslusion">Conslusion</h1>CyberWay is one more fork of EOS, specified to handle more complex applications with more decentralization available. Workers are considered to be the most powerful tool for decentralized protocol improvements. The scalability and performance CyberWay introduces is fine enough for running complex social applications or financial service apllications or gaming applications. The absence of censorship and priveledged accounts makes CyberWay even more decentralized, which is coming in the next blog post.

Admin

from p2p validator

Explain Like I'm Five, Tezos, Staking When do I start receiving Tezos rewards?

<blockquote>Enjoy our first light-weight post of <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/category/Eli5/">Eli5 series</a> covering a reward distribution in Tezos blockchain in the form of comic-strip style story.</blockquote>John has some Tezos tokens and wants to receive rewards. He takes them to a baker*, P2P Validator.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-1.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-1.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/1-1.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-1.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>John makes an agreement to delegate his tokens to P2P Validator and becomes a delegator.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-2.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-2.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/2-2.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-2.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>The tokens remain in John’s wallet, but the staking balance of P2P Validator increases.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-2.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-2.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-2.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-2.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>P2P Validator bakes John’s tokens for 7 cycles (typically 21 days).<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-2.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-2.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-2.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-2.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>After 7 cycles John can see on P2P Dashboard by how much his tokens have grown.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>It worked! John started getting rewards on his delegator address as soon the 7th cycle was completed (typically 21-23 day). The delegating process continues afresh and compounds automatically, so John’s reward tokens work with his original stake to increase his rewards in the next cycle.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/6.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/6.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>P2P Validator receives 9.95% validator fee and uses it to pay for:<ul><li>server time & running costs</li><li>building better infrastructure</li><li>24/7 technical support</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/7.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/7.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>P2P Validator is part of a tezos network, which is a decentralised one. There are many validators (bakers) in the network and each one makes their own decision on what fees to charge. If a fee is too low there is a risk to the baking process. We believe in charging a fair fee for a good service. Choose P2P Validator and get:<ul><li>First reward 40% faster</li><li>Efficiency 101.18%</li><li>Payout accuracity AAA+</li><li>Baking Bad rewards insurance</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/8.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="900" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/8.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/8.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/8.jpg 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>In our next story you will learn how to redelegate (change a baker) and how to stop the delegation.Let’s stake together!Website: <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=Tezos1post&utm_medium=creds_link&utm_campaign=blog">p2p.org</a>Stake XTZ with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/tezos?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org/tezos</a>Twitter: <a href="http://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">twitter.com/p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="http://t.me/p2porg?ref=p2p.org">t.me/p2porg</a>

Pavel Pavlov

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos Why we are against raising the number of validators

Currently, 6 validators control more than <code>33%</code> of Cosmos Hub voting power with over 62 000 000 ATOM at stake (>313 000 000 USD). Their <a href="https://medium.com/@hector_89360/cosmos-hub-validators-rich-list-9ed69274e5e?ref=p2p.org">monthly revenues</a> are sustainable and in most cases, are high enough to behave in interests of the Cosmos ecosystem even if they are technically able to collude. Their income is also sufficient to maintain reliable infrastructure, provide high level of security and upgrade their facilities. If we will look at validators from 80 to 100 we may notice that they have around 1 252 370 ATOM at stake (6 261 850 USD). Monthly revenues of a single validator in this group, in most cases, do not exceed 1000 USD. Most likely, it is not enough to provide sustainable improvements, cover running costs, pay salaries to the employees and add value to the ecosystem. If we would broaden validators set and add 25 more, their revenues, probably, would be even less. Their ability to provide secure services in the long term is questionable as well as ability to compete and attract new delegators.Situation with network decentralization will not change vastly, last 20 validators have total voting power less than 0,75%. Taking that into consideration we suggest that additional 25 validators will not add more than 0,5% creating state of the ecosystem where 36% of validators have less than 1,25% of voting power making power distribution even more irrational. This issue should be addressed before raising the threshold to establish fair distribution and define a bottom border of entering the validator's set.These validators will have higher risk of slashing with lower cost increasing economic viability of such a harmful behavior. For example, the cost of double-sign for Polychain Labs is higher than 3 000 000 USD while the average cost of double-sign for validators from 80-100 is close to 15 000 USD. The cost for validator #100 is less than 10 000 USD. This state of the ecosystem may undermine the overall trust of the Cosmos network affecting decentralization even more as delegators would not even consider to stake out of the top ten experiencing frequent slashing events.<h1 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h1>To sum up everything written above, we suggest, that Cosmos Hub is still in the early stage and not mature enough to rise that number as there does not exist strong necessity to do so and outcomes are not clear enough. In our opinion, we should take more time to establish a healthier spirit of competition inside the existing validator's set and see if the smaller validators in the set are able to attract new delegators and provide sustainable services.We understand that raising the threshold may bring new players in and final intentions are positive, but there may exist an opposite direction that has negative implications in the long run. In that case, our suggestion would be to collect more empirical data and increase the threshold based on the results of the first year as we do not need to rush forward. We already saw <a href="https://twitter.com/zmanian/status/1145072296723275776?ref=p2p.org">double-sign slashing</a> and want to decrease the probability of such events being sure that the majority of validators are reliable and sustainable.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOM with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Konstantin Lomashuk

from p2p validator

Economy, Terra How Terra prints money without centralized authority

It is not a secret that governments control the money printing press. It is a powerful tool that allows the filling of the economy with liquidity when it is needed. This process usually dilutes share of currency holders and causes an inflation surge, but also may boost spendings and ability of entrepreneurs to borrow cheaper and pay their employees thus resulting in higher employment rates leading to higher tax returns for the government. Wise usage of currency emission allows governments to accumulate rising tax gains and earn interest rate paid on issued money, which are in fact profit from money creation - seigniorage. These gains are used to stimulate fiscal spending and support economic growth.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-11.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1190" height="724" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-11.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/1-11.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-11.png 1190w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>One of the most common uses of money is as a convenient unit of exchange for buying goods and services. To earn some, people can produce goods or provide some useful services, but they do not have an opportunity to earn profit from the emission. This process is monopolized by centralized entities. But, imagine there is an option to participate in a novel currency emission and have rights to get a portion of seigniorage in an algorithmic and decentralized manner?<h1 id="terra-brief-overview">Terra brief overview</h1>Terra project implemented the best practices of government fiscal policy and fulfilled them with solid additions that benefit e-commerce platforms (providers) and users as well. The concept combines features of cheap cross-border transactions in stablecoins and the ability for every user to participate in the growing e-commerce economy pretending on portions of transaction fees and seigniorage profit returning capital back to the people.The core idea of Terra project is to bring on the market a stable family of cryptocurrencies without the necessity to store fiat collateral in the centralized bank and allow parties to transact not worrying about high volatility. This is very important for the crypto community and worldwide adoption. To achieve that goal, Terra developed a complex algorithm of price stabilization, which I will try to explain later.There are three types of stablecoin implementations:<ul><li>Collateralized (fiat or crypto or mixed) each coin is backed by a defined currency at some ratio which covers spikes in demand. This type is the most common one and include such prominent projects as Maker (DAI), TrueUSD or <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/kava-the-first-decentralized-lending-platform-in-cosmos">Kava (USDX)</a></li><li>Algorithmic (utilizes various mechanisms to follow the peg)</li><li>Hybrid (use both features)</li></ul>Family of Terra stablecoins represent the second type and include various coins maintaining the peg to different currencies, like USD, KRW, and EUR. The less volatile stablecoin in that group is pegged to a basket of currencies <a href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/data/rms_sdrv.aspx?ref=p2p.org">SDR IMF</a>. To provide conversions between currencies, the protocol supports atomic swaps at the fair fiat exchange rate. This allows Terra to offer foreign exchanges efficiently and simplify cross-border payments.<h1 id="how-terra-achieves-price-stability-and-benefit-e-commerce-providers-maintaining-stable-reward-growth-for-stakeholders">How Terra achieves price stability and benefit e-commerce providers maintaining stable reward growth for stakeholders</h1>Another important part of Terra project is a staking token LUNA. LUNA may be considered as a decentralized collateral, representing a buffer absorbing volatility. It captures the value of the transaction flow and redistributes it among stakeholders (everyone who stake) creating incentives for them to care about low volatility of stablecoin family. Terra protocol utilizes Tendermint consensus mechanism and another important purpose of staking token is securing the network creating incentives for validators, who play roles of price oracles for inner currency exchanges and broadcast transactions in the network to behave in the interests of the ecosystem and properly provide their services.Without fiat collateral and centralized control over the “printing press” it is not easy to provide price stability and control the total supply as well as inner economics in general. To create the market for the own currency, Terra united an alliance of e-commerce providers in Asia who are interested in using stablecoins as a payment method offering it to their customers. Terra money is issued in a decentralized manner depending on the demand and total market size.For example, if existing supply is not high enough, when transaction volumes grow significantly, demand for stablecoins may also increase. The price of a single unit may rise creating an arbitraging opportunity for the payment network participants who stake LUNA. They can exchange one to another with the inner price, and benefit from its deviations out of the peg. In response, to provide the exchange protocol mints requested amount of currency that can be used to release risk-free profit on the open market returning the peg.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-14.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1062" height="334" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-14.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/2-14.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-14.png 1062w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>When protocol gets tokens in exchange for minting it distribute a part of that provisions to the treasury burning the rest with a <code>burn rate</code> which is defined by the protocol and depends on changes in the macroeconomic variables. This module is playing the role of decentral algorithmic bank regulating a transaction fee rate and weight of seigniorage that goes to stakers.When the economy is in the growth stage, spendings are high. People purchase more goods and services. That results in rising inflation. When inflation surges people cut spendings, slowing them down. It leads to lower profits for companies resulting in the inability to pay their debts or make investments. The economy slows down. To fix it, according to a Keynesian approach, when the economy is rising and families spend a lot, Central Banks should do the opposite to control inflation and be able to step in when the economic cycle is moving closer to a recession. That is exactly the way how the economy is functioning today.Treasury module is doing exactly the same for Terra economy. In periods of growth and rising transaction volumes it increases accumulation of LUNA earned in exchange for minting Terra by decreasing the <code>burn rate</code>. When the economy begins to contract in the cycle of lower transaction volumes Terra protocol facilitates spendings using accumulated funds in the treasury, bootstrapping stable demand and economic growth. Another purpose of these provisions is to provide discounts for usage of Terra stablecoin as a payment. If people prefer to pay that way, it obviously creates additional incentives for e-commerce providers to join the Terra network.The core priority for the success of such a system is to create strong incentives for LUNA staking even in periods of instability. This mechanism works like programmatically determined equalizer, managing LUNA <code>burn rate</code> and <code>transaction fee rate</code> which together represent staking rewards. To provide stable staking reward growth, protocol measure and balance these components depending on the economic variables.<ul><li>When the LUNA <code>burn rate</code> is high it rewards holders as staking power of their assets is rising. To smooth that growth, protocol decreases the <code>transaction fee rate</code>.</li><li>When the LUNA <code>burn rate</code> is low it dilutes holders and staking power is falling. To compensate that, protocol increases the <code>transaction fee rate</code>.</li></ul><h1 id="decentralized-resource-allocation">Decentralized resource allocation</h1>Terra may be applied to various sectors with different decentralized applications (dApps) built on top creating multiple token economies managed by the single programmable module. Treasury funds will be filling from various sources. Growth cycles and inflow changes from one sector will cover a decline in another.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-13.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1049" height="482" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-13.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-13.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-13.png 1049w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Capital allocations for dApps development would be managed by the network participants in a decentralized manner via governance. Every LUNA holder may cast a vote taking into consideration actual results of a particular dApp measuring potential benefit. This model creates motivation for dApp providers to investigate new incentive models and offers a unique value proposition competing with others for capital allocation.In existing centralized decision making on fiscal spending, a small group of people decide how resources should be allocated. There is a high probability of corruption schemes or lobbying interested parties. In those cases, resources may not be spent efficiently. Future economic outcomes may suffer, undermining the entire ecosystem.Terra is aimed to become a convenient medium of exchanging programmable money that enables easy foreign currency swaps and cross-border payments bridging traditional economies with advantages of decentralization.An optimal economic resources distribution, a sophisticated stability mechanism, strong network effects and an ability to provide incentives for users is a big step towards mass adoption for digital currency. Now the community can participate in the economy that distributes wealth back to society without the need to trust a limited group of individuals, that may be accumulating lots of money and power, fighting their desire to put some in their own pockets.<hr>I am not an economist or financial adviser, all opinions expressed in this article are my own thoughts on that topic. Special thanks to Do Kwon and Nicholas Platias for their answers and assistance. For deeper dive into the protocol concepts you may visit <a href="https://agora.terra.money/?ref=p2p.org">Agora, Terra research forum</a>.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.<hr>Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake LUNA with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/terra?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/terra</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos What is your best atom staking strategy?

Previously <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/5-reasons-to-stake-your-atoms">we discussed</a> why staking is important for the ecosystem and how people interested in the network potential can benefit increasing their overall share without suffering from inflation implications. In this short blog post I want to cover some strategies which participants could utilize with their outcomes and possible risks.There are three key options for stakers in existing conditions:<ul><li>Stake and forget</li><li>Stake and use the power of compounding in order to increase a total share of the network</li><li>Stake and save the current network share while withdrawing gains diluted by inflation from other participants who do not stake.</li></ul>In fact each of these options could be supplemented with the idea of diversification amongst various validators to decrease <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/slashing-overview-in-cosmos-network">slashing risk</a>.For simplicity let’s assume that we have two delegators, the first is staking the second one is not. Initial total supply is <code>100 atoms</code> inflation is <code>7%</code>, staking ratio is equal to the target value of <code>67%</code> and considered period of observation is <code>5 years</code>.<h1 id="1-stake-and-forget">1) Stake and forget</h1>This strategy may look convenient at a first glance but such behavior has many disadvantages. Inactive delegator can miss the moment when a node of a validator he bonded to goes offline for a long period resulting in slashing of a stake. Community may decide to change initial network parameters via governance. It may influence overall staking performance and an inactive delegator can miss that. In this case, accumulated rewards do not secure the cosmos hub.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-13.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="758" height="206" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-13.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-13.png 758w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Network share growth is slowing down as rewards become diluted by inflation and in following years it will become negative. Slashing will affect the whole holdings including rewards.<h1 id="2-stake-and-compound">2) Stake and compound</h1>This strategy is especially effective when inflation is rising and there exists a strong belief in future ability of atom to capture transaction fees flow from validating on different chains, issuing assets and so on. In this case, additional gains from people who do not stake are re-delegated on an annual basis.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-16.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="679" height="205" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-16.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-16.png 679w"></figure>Staking ratio stays constant so return on staking (RoS) is not changing and network share growth is stable in this example. Obviously rewards of this delegator outperformed the previous one. This strategy also has trade-offs. If a big fish bonded to a single validator or validator itself has a big stake or delegated amount, implementing this approach may lead to high network centralization and power concentration. This will not benefit network participants and would undermine security of the cosmos hub.This scenario is also subject to slashing risk the most. To increase safety of the funds it is highly recommended to diversify stake amongst various validators even if slashing sounds like something unrealistic.<h1 id="3-stake-and-maintain-the-same-share-slightly-releasing-profit-exceeding-standard-inflation">3) Stake and maintain the same share slightly releasing profit exceeding standard inflation</h1>If <code>100%</code> of total atom supply is locked in staking every holder will have equal provisions. In fact, there would be no difference in their network ownership and no one would be diluted. In this case we cannot gain extra atoms and total yield would be zero. Inflation should be considered as a feature that protects ownership of the network from dilution and as a punishment for every holder who does not contribute to the cosmos hub security. Profit from inflation accrues only from those who do not stake. Their network share is redistributed among others and there is always an option to withdraw this addition without ownership reduction.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-15.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="758" height="206" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-15.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-15.png 758w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>This approach is also good as a hedge against slashing in the long run. The more frequently you withdraw and sell rewards the less atoms will be affected. This way of staking is especially effective if inflation and annual RoS are falling and network ownership growth is slowing down. Selling portions of atom provisions may be considered as a hedge against price fluctuations. If atom price is expected to decrease in a particular period released profits could be used to buy back with a better price. If price is expected to rise and future dynamic is uncertain then it could be a great cure against greed and a good way to release profit without taking away the ability to generate revenue in future from assets and losing network ownership.<h1 id="comparison-in-dynamics">Comparison in dynamics</h1>Let’s take <code>15 year</code> period and look at the performance of these strategies in dynamics. Initial atom supply in this example is <code>100 atoms</code>. In the beginning, four delegators have <code>10 atoms</code> each:<ul><li>D1 stake & forget</li><li>D2 stake and compound</li><li>D3 stake and maintain the network ownership selling the rest</li><li>D4 just hold not staking at all Inflation is <code>7%</code> staking ratio constantly rises from <code>57%</code> to <code>77%</code> with a five year stop at <code>67%</code></li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-10.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="938" height="524" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-10.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-10.png 938w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>For that period of time D1 ended with <code>34,82 atoms</code> accumulating <code>24,82 atoms</code> pending withdrawal, D2 ended with <code>98,88 atoms</code>, D3 earned <code>65,07 atoms</code> selling <code>17,32</code> of them during that time maintaining stake of <code>47,75 atoms</code> and D4 left with <code>10 atoms</code> like in the beginning. Overall holdings could be visualized in the following graph.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-10.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1190" height="600" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-10.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-10.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-10.png 1190w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>On that graph we do not count sold atoms of D3, even so, after some time a delegator who was selling the surplus of atoms would have more holding than one who had just passively staked. If we look at a network ownership dynamics we notice that at the finish D3 maintains higher share even without increasing it. If at the end of the experiment total holdings of each delegator are affected by double-sign slashing (except D4) we see that D2 will lose twice as many as D3.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-6.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1190" height="600" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/6-6.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/6-6.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-6.png 1190w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>In the first half of the period D1 had more atoms than D3 but It is possible to be higher on the graph for this period if D3 will release less profit and re-delegate more atoms in order to slightly increase his share but not as much as D2. For the first year you can re-delegate all provisions and slightly decrease re-delegation percentage for the following years but not breaking the initial ownership. In fact you can mix the option of compounding and partial selling in any variation that suits your expectations.Network share changes differently for delegators. At the end of a period when inflation is decreasing because staking ratio is <code>>67%</code>, D2 experiences the highest decrease in the network share growth while others experience a decrease in their network ownership losses.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-4.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1190" height="600" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/7-4.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/7-4.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-4.png 1190w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Simply speaking, it becomes more reasonable to implement the strategy of D3 when annual RoS is decreasing. If RoS is rising, network share growth rate is also rising boosting total holdings.<h1 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h1>We discussed various options of managing staking balance mostly for educational purposes and deeper understanding of staking process economic variables. Inflation mechanism may drastically change in the near future as it would not be necessary to hold such a high rate of dilution if there were enough economic incentives to stake for participants, and revenues from transaction fees and other options would exceed inflationary rewards providing a stable source of income for validators to maintain their infrastructure and fund operational costs.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.<hr>Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOMs with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos Slashing overview in cosmos network

We can define a cosmos network as a social galaxy with various entities and different types of participants who are fully self-responsible for decisions they make. To make such system as healthy as possible, minimize cheating and other fraudulent behavior that cause loss of confidence, it should contain a set of rules, instruments and other incentives which will determine the right direction together with moral ethics.Slashing is an event, which results in a loss of stake percentage, depending on the type of network violation and jeopardizing the safety of other participants. It represents not only a financial incentive to act properly but also is a measure to prevent nothing at stake problem.Cosmos is a complex ecosystem where atom act not only as an economic incentive but also represent a governance unit playing a crucial role in ecosystem security. In that way, slashing becomes a tool that influences voting power distribution.Besides, it affects the authority of caught fraudlent participant, motivates validators to improve their infrastructure and in case of delegators, to provide a deeper due-diligence and diversification amongst validators. Slashing also act as a decentralization mechanism motivating re-delegate atoms to more reliable or even smaller validators with equal level of security and infrastructure set up.For now this motivation can be not so obvious but after enabling Inter Blockchain Communication (IBC) and feature of shared security when validators will be slashable on multiple validated chains slashing risk will be different for all validators depending on conditions and number of chains they operate.<h1 id="slashing-events">Slashing events</h1>There are two types of events when stake liquidation happens:<ul><li>Downtime occurs when validator is offline and do not participate in block commitment signing less than <code>5%</code> of the blocks in a row of <code>10 000</code>. This situation leads to loss of <code>0,01%</code> stake not only for validator but for bonded to him delegators as well. In addition, validator drops out of the consensus and do not earn block rewards for at least <code>10 minutes</code>. After fixing the issues validator can re-join validators set by sending un-jail transaction.</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-14.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="647" height="151" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-14.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-14.png 647w"></figure><ul><li>Double-sign can lead to more harmful consequences than the previous one. It can cause double-spend or chain fork. The wrong setup of the validator’s infrastructure or key compromise are the most common occasions that cause this type of slashing. In this case, stake penalizes by <code>5%</code> and validator loses the right to propose blocks and earn rewards without an ability to un-jail. All delegators of this validator enter the unbonding period, which lasts <code>21 days</code>. </li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-17.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="652" height="195" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-17.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-17.png 652w"></figure>Slashing also affect atoms, which were in unbonding phase at the moment when one of these events happened. If a validator have low self-bonded ratio (low self-delegated amount) and large amount bonded then, in theory, it could have economic incentive to double-sign. This behaviour will lead to a loss of confidence in this validator and as a consequence inability to earn transaction fees and atom provisions in future missing opportunity of the long term ecosystem adoption and development.Validators with low self-delegated amount should be able or will have to find the way to maintain resilent infrastructure with low costs in order to increase self-delegation and/or commision rate while bonded atoms to them are increasing.If self-bonded ratio is decreasing or low in some cases (for instance, validator bonded to other validators in order to diversify holdings or increase network decentralization), if validator charges fair commission long term incentives should overcome short term gains. Commission rate should be reasonable and cover existing expences. If a validator with high stake is not earning to maintain infrastructure and operations (by self-bonded amount that generate rewards and/or commission rate) it is at least concerning.<h1 id="how-slashing-works-in-theory">How slashing works in theory</h1>Assume that we have three validators:<ul><li><code>V1</code> with a commission of <code>5%</code></li><li><code>V2</code> with a commission of <code>8%</code></li><li><code>V3</code> with a commission of <code>9%</code></li></ul>If delegator bond to <code>V1</code> with an annual return on staking (RoS) around <code>10,2%</code> for 5 years and without taking advantage of compounding, then his cumulative interest for five years nominated in atoms will be <code>48,5%</code>. Let’s have a look at how monthly compounding with slashing will affect this number. To simplify calculation we assume that: In the case of downtime, it happened three times and delegators stake passively without re-delegating after the first event:<ol><li>End of the 2nd month and <code>2 days</code> passed before un-jail</li><li>End of the 7th month and <code>1 day</code> passed before un-jail</li><li>End of the 11th month and <code>1 day</code> passed before un-jail</li></ol>In the case of double-sign, slashing and unbonding period occurred once at the end of the 12th month. After <code>21 day</code> of unbonding delegator bonded to another validator with the same commission rate. I will use the same conditions for other comparisons in this article. Overall result for delegator will look like:<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-16.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1062" height="535" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-16.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-16.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-16.png 1062w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>We can notice that:<ul><li>Delegator who took advantage of monthly compounding even with a double-sign event outperformed another one who just delegated once and forgot. The magic of this feature I will cover in the next article.</li><li>Downtime has not much influence on the result for delegator even if it happens quite often and validator re-join validator set much later than current jail time for downtime (10 minutes). It has a bigger influence on the validator in the long term. His delegators will lose confidence and will immediately re-delegate their holdings to others. Until validator un-jail, the staked ratio will be lowered by the number of atoms delegated to him. This will increase voting power of other validators resulting in higher probability of proposing a block and may lead to higher transaction fee gais in comparison with validators who often go offline.</li><li>Double-sign has the most harmful event on RoS and the difference is about <code>9%</code> in comparison with delegator who have chosen an honest and secure validator</li></ul>If we will compare the performance of delegators who bonded to different validators with a various commission rate, we will see that RoS for <code>V3</code> is higher than RoS for <code>V1</code> and <code>V2</code> if double-sign occurred. For a taken period of 5 years this will be correct even if the commission of <code>V3</code> will be <code>16%</code> that is more than three times higher than the <code>5%</code> commission of <code>V1</code>.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-11.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1062" height="535" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-11.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-11.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-11.png 1062w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>You can notice that in the longer term (in our example >5 years) current double-sign slashing do not cause huge effect on the performance and there still exist high incentive for delegators to choose validators basing predominantly on the commission rate. In theory, this may cause weaker decentralization level of the network.Downtime slashing has even less voting and economic influence. Current slashing conditions should be considered as a starting point for further discussion on that topic and may be changed in future via governance mechanism.For example, every repeating downtime event over the period of <code>X</code> could cause atom slashing equivalent to <code>prev_slashing_percentage * 2</code>. If a validator constantly goes offline this will cost more for him and his delegators thus increasing incentive to properly maintain the state of own infrastructure and for delegators to re-delegate to others. One of concerns about changing initial parameters is a lack of empirical data so as the network evolve we will see more experiments in this field.<h1 id="smart-ideas-for-delegators-to-protect-from-slashing-consequences">Smart ideas for delegators to protect from slashing consequences</h1>No one can predict the future and one of the best ways for delegators to protect themselves from misbehavior is diversification. Suppose that delegator bonded all his atoms to <code>V1</code> with the lowest commission possible, <code>5%</code> in our case. Another delegator diversified amongst all three validators equally - <code>33%</code> for each. If <code>V1</code> will be caught on double-sign, the second delegator will get <code>2,5%</code> higher RoS than the first one who put all atoms in one basket even if <code>V2</code> & <code>V3</code> went offline for some reason.Another idea is responsible behavior. Bonding to a validator is not a blind step and simple way to earn passive income. To be up to date delegators should continue to monitor validator uptime. Frequent downtimes may indicate unreliable infrastructure.<ul><li>What actions validator take in order to prevent slashing conditions?</li><li>Does valiadator disclose an infrastructure setup?</li><li>Is it secure?</li><li>What upgrades and improvements are in the roadmap?</li><li>Is the commission rate sufficient to support validator activities and maintain reliable infrastructure?</li><li>What is the responsibility level of a validator and how valuable is it's contribution to the ecosystem development?</li></ul>Answers to these questions can help delegators to diversify amongst the most remarkable validators.The most prominent validators who set up well-protected infrastructure and have a high level of confidence can offer refunds for their delegators in case of slashing event. In this case reserve funds or the idea of developing slashing insurance for delegators make sense. For some delegators who have no ability to follow up with the state of their atom performance this could be a reasonable solution.<blockquote>The first rule – do not lose your money, the second rule – remember of the first one. "Warren Buffet"</blockquote>In the cosmos ecosystem, your atoms are your assets, which can generate additional income for you. Take care of your holdings and be responsible for the decisions you make.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.<hr>Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOMs with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Staking How to delegate Cosmos Atoms with imToken wallet (Android, iOS)

<h2 id="step-1-download-imtoken-wallet">Step 1. Download imToken wallet</h2>Download imToken wallet for <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/imtoken2/id1384798940?ref=p2p.org">iOS</a> or <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=im.token.app&ref=p2p.org">Android</a>, securely save mnemonic phrase and password<h2 id="step-2-select-cosmos-and-transfer-your-atoms">Step 2. Select Cosmos and transfer your Atoms</h2><ul><li>Select Cosmos from the list & copy your address</li><li>Transfer your Atoms to imToken wallet</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/47861351251_5ecee94080_o.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="1665" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/47861351251_5ecee94080_o.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/47861351251_5ecee94080_o.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/47861351251_5ecee94080_o.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2020/09/47861351251_5ecee94080_o.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="step-3-stake-your-atoms-and-get-rewards">Step 3. Stake your Atoms and get rewards</h2><ul><li>Select “Staking” button to start delegating</li><li>Select “Validators” tab</li><li>Choose P2P Validator from the validator list</li><li>Enter the amount and press the “delegate” button.</li><li>Enter your password to confirm the delegation</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/40894825453_44d5b3b78e_o.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="644" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/40894825453_44d5b3b78e_o.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/40894825453_44d5b3b78e_o.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/40894825453_44d5b3b78e_o.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2020/09/40894825453_44d5b3b78e_o.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h1 id="congratulations-now-you-can-sit-back-and-watch-your-rewards-grow-">Congratulations! Now you can sit back and watch your rewards grow.</h1>If after following this guide you still have questions, issues or other concerns please follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">Twitter</a>. We will provide a personal consultation and guide you through the following process.Whether you chose to delegate your digital assets to P2P Validator or not, we welcome you to join our social channels, educational hub and use our DApps, all of which will be open-source.Public website: <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=lunie_post&utm_medium=creds_link&utm_campaign=blog">p2p.org</a>Medium: <a href="http://medium.com/p2peconomy?ref=p2p.org">medium.com/p2peconomy</a>Twitter: <a href="http://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">twitter.com/p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="http://t.me/p2porg?ref=p2p.org">t.me/p2porg</a>

Pavel Pavlov

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos Introduction to Cosmos economy

To understand economical structure of Cosmos we should look closely at the key principles of the ecosystem, basic incentives for all different participants and possible influence of these principles on their behavior. Overall network purpose (mission) is satisfying the needs of ecosystem users by giving them an opportunity to provide their services in a decentralized manner with the ability to interoperate without centralized entities.Cosmos network consists of application-specific blockchains (Zones) which can be designed differently depending on the utility purpose. All blockchains are interoperable within a single ecosystem connected through intermediary blockchains (hubs) that in fact replace centralized organizations by set of validators. As a separate blockchain each zone can have its own token to govern the private or public network and have its own set of validators but governance can decide that validators of the Cosmos hub will be required to validate additional zones.Cosmos ecosystem utilizes Tendermint - practical byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus mechanism. It means that finalizing blocks depends on 2/3 plus one quorum of all validators agreed on the current state of the network in order to reach the consensus. There are three key groups of participants in Cosmos ecosystem. Each group has its own incentives and impact on the state of ecosystem.<h3 id="validators">Validators</h3>For Cosmos hub there are <code>100</code> possible validators, who are responsible for proposing new blocks and validating transactions. This number will rise by <code>13%</code> a year until it reaches three hundred maximum possible validators. For other hubs and zones this number is not mandatory and will depend on the particular use case and required level of security. If there are more validators then the right to participate in consensus will have participants with the higher amount of ATOMs bonded. <figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-15.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="558" height="79"></figure>Cosmos hub validators has the highest impact on network security and provide intercommunication between zones. They must actively participate in governance and are required to vote on every proposal otherwise their ATOMs are at the risk of being slashed (currently this feature is not active).<blockquote>Tell me who are the validators and I will tell you if the network is safe</blockquote>This group have enough knowledge and resources to maintain infrastructure and are interested in generating maximum long-term gains from ATOM inflation and transaction fees (about this later). That is why validators care about healthy and sustainable ecosystem development. They should act in interests of their delegators if they want to keep them loyal and increase the voting power in the long term.<h3 id="delegators">Delegators</h3>This group consists of ATOM token holders who have not enough skills or resources to run and maintain the infrastructure but still want to increase the network security and earn a share of the transaction fees and inflationary reward by bonding tokens to the validators. It boosts the voting power of validator and frequency of being chosen as block proposer. In fact, by bonding ATOM to validator delegators choose one of the pillars of the ecosystem so their choice is very important and affects the level of decentralization. Delegators are eligible for transaction fees and inflation reward as well but they have to pay commission, which vary within existing validators. There is no way for validators to steal bonded tokens but there are still other risks related with choosing the validator, which we will discuss later. Decisions based solely on a low commission rate is not always the best decision for delegators.<h3 id="users">Users</h3>If we compare Cosmos network with the market, users are consumers and service providers. Developers, entrepreneurs and buyers who want to utilize the advantages of Cosmos ecosystem. Many different hubs can co-exist. To go further we can compare the network with a nation where there is a national hub with cities and zones each acting as smaller hubs within it and the possibility to join with the secure hub (Cosmos) if needed. Activity of this group measures the overall value of the network and can have a significant impact on demand for the token, transaction fees, workload and so on.<h1 id="cosmos-hub-economy-and-reward-distribution">Cosmos hub economy and reward distribution</h1>Cosmos hub economy relies on the inflationary approach. The target annual inflation rate represents the percentage from total supply that is changing each block. If the total bonded stake is less than <code>66%</code> of the total ATOM supply, the inflation rate will slightly increase until it reaches a maximum of <code>20%</code> or the total bonded stake climbs higher than <code>66%</code>. In this case, the annual inflation will decrease to <code>7%</code> depending on ATOMs participating in bonding. New tokens incentivize participants to secure the network. The more tokens locked via staking the higher the threshold for initiating a successful attack.There are two fundamental streams of revenue for validators:<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-18.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="705" height="560" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-18.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-18.png 705w"></figure><ul><li>Block reward, which distributing amongst all validators proportionally to their voting power. This reward is paid in ATOMs and depends on the current annual inflation rate, which varies each block with the frequency of average block time. In the future, this reward can be split between ATOMs and Photons that will play the role of a secondary token with the purpose of transaction fee payment only, decreasing the velocity and liquidity of ATOMS and making a 1/3 attack more expensive. Inflation of Photons is expected to be fixed and equivalent to <code>500</code> tokens per hour. Currently Photons are not available but could be activated with specific implementation and distribution method by the community via governance.</li><li>Transaction fees form in each block and proposer gets <code>1%</code> or <code>5%</code> depending on the number of precommits included. The frequency of proposing blocks is proportional to the voting power of a validator. Before fees distribution, <code>2%</code> goes to a reserve pool. These funds can be spent on network development or other activities by voting. Currently transaction fees are close to zero as the network is still in an early stage of adoption. In the future, it will be possible to receive fees in other whitelisted tokens than ATOMs in Cosmos ecosystem. The amount of fees will depend on gas prices and usage of the network.</li><li>Validator’s commission rate represents a percentage from both streams of revenue that delegators pay to a validator. Delegators reward streams are the same as for validators less the commission percentage.</li></ul><h1 id="penalties">Penalties</h1>In some circumstances occurs slashing of bonded ATOMs. Penalties should increase the responsibility level of participants who are directly involved in decisions associated with network security. Validators have no control over delegator’s stake but if such an event happens both parties lose a percentage of their tokens. This is in order to prevent misbehavior and negligence from validators and bring incentives to delegators to diversify amongst them, perform proper due diligence and choose wisely.<ul><li>The first reason a stake can be slashed is double-signing a block. This means that a malicious node is broadcasting two blocks with different content for the same height. The penalty for that is currently set at <code>5%</code> and the validator who is responsible for that drops out of validators set. All ATOMs enter an unbonding (process of undelegating ATOMs from validator) period that lasts for <code>21 days</code> and within this period the stake will not earn provisions and transaction fees.</li><li>If a validator fails to sign more than <code>95%</code> blocks in a row of <code>10000</code> due to inactivity, <code>0.01%</code> of the bonded ATOMs will be lost and the validator will be jailed for <code>10 minutes</code> without allowance to participate in consensus and be eligible for rewards.</li></ul>If slashing happens, it decreases stake and leads to fewer ATOMs paid as a reward.<h3 id="example">Example</h3>Let’s compare three imaginary validators. Assume that delegator bonded equal amount of ATOM to each. Slashing decreases the amount of stake thus meaning a proportional decrease in ATOM provisions since the event has taken place.For example, validator 1 <code>V1</code> was caught on a double sign and slashing occurred on the 60th day. After unbonding, the rest was staked with the same conditions to another one. Validator 2 <code>V2</code> had three liveness slashes on the 30th day with a 2-day recovery period and an inability to fix the issue, on the 60th and 180th days being offline for one day each. Validator 3 <code>V3</code> had no such events in place.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-17.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="779" height="265" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-17.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-17.png 779w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Overall results show that validator with a higher commission and honest behavior performed better than validators with stated slashing events. In this example we have not taken compounding into consideration. Every slashing event may decrease the confidence of delegators and may lead to immediate re-delegation to another validator. That will cause fewer commission rewards in ATOM for validator and can lead to inability to maintain secure infrastructure in future.<h1 id="recommendations-for-delegators">Recommendations for delegators</h1>Every delegator is self-responsible for the financial decisions made. To choose the proper validator and understand misbehavior risks it is important to read the full conditions of the delegator agreement and find out the validator’s policy on this topic.<ul><li>Security audit that proves the stated level of security that should decrease the probability of a key compromise that may lead to double-sign.</li><li>Check for an available roadmap of future steps to increase the security or transparency of annual expenses on upgrades and improvements.</li><li>Skin in the game proves that the validator puts their own funds at risk as well. The higher the percentage of their stake the more responsible the validator should be and if slashing does occur he will lose his own ATOMs and .</li><li>Compensation policy. Are there any payouts or bonuses from the validator’s side in case of a slashing event?</li><li>Diversification amongst 3-7 validators who operate in different countries and utilize different hardware. It sounds like a good idea, as it decreases amount of stake in case of slashing, increases overall network security and brings voting power diversification as well.</li></ul>Do not forget to re-delegate your ATOM rewards in order to maximize profits and take advantage of the compounding.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOMs with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Staking How to delegate Cosmos Atoms using Lunie wallet

Lunie (previous name “Voyager”) is an official audited web wallet and UI for interacting with the Cosmos Hub. The process of sending, staking and redelegating atoms could be done in a simple and secure way. Lunie will not ask for your private keys or seed phrases. To interact with it you need to have Ledger device. Following this two-step guide will not take more than 5-10 minutes.<blockquote>Note: If you participated in the fundraiser, you should be in possession of a 12-word mnemonic. When setting up a Ledger wallet, enter the seed phrase to access your digital assets obtained through an ICO. We advise you to connect a new Ledger device, in case of replacing the seed phrase on the working device, all data will be overwritten.</blockquote><h2 id="step-1-set-up-your-ledger">Step 1. Set up your Ledger</h2>Download <a href="https://shop.ledger.com/pages/ledger-live?ref=p2p.org">Ledger Live</a> to update your Ledger device to the latest version (1.5.5) Press the “Settings” button in the top right corner<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-2.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1599" height="210" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-2.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/1-2.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-2.jpg 1599w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Turn on Developer mode<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-19.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="1326" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-19.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/2-19.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/2-19.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2020/09/2-19.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Go to the Ledger Live App Store and download the Cosmos application<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-3.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1598" height="439" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-3.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-3.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-3.jpg 1598w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>You will see a dialog window while the installation is processing, it can take a while<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-3.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1023" height="542" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-3.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-3.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-3.jpg 1023w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-1.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1599" height="759" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-1.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-1.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-1.jpg 1599w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>At the same time it will install on your Ledger<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-1.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/6-1.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/6-1.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-1.jpg 1024w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>After successful finish, check that the Cosmos application appears on your Ledger<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-1.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/7-1.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/7-1.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-1.jpg 1024w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="step-2-connect-ledger-with-lunie-on-your-pc">Step 2. Connect Ledger with Lunie on your PC</h2><ul><li>Go to the <a href="https://lunie.io/?ref=p2p.org">Lunie website</a></li><li>Choose “Staking” and find there P2P Validator</li></ul>Press “Sign in” in the top right corner<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/8-1.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1599" height="849" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/8-1.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/8-1.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/8-1.jpg 1599w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>You will see a dialog window like in the picture - press “Sign in”<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/9.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="640" height="369" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/9.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/9.jpg 640w"></figure>Lunie will connect to your Ledger and you will see Tendermint Cosmos appear on it<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/10.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="640" height="480" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/10.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/10.jpg 640w"></figure>After that you can press “Delegate”. Your address can be found in the top left corner<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/11.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="639" height="290" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/11.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/11.jpg 639w"></figure>Now you will be able to enter the amount of Atoms and finish the process by pressing “Next” and confirm the delegation.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/12.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="640" height="294" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/12.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/12.jpg 640w"></figure><h2 id="congratulations-now-you-can-grow-your-holdings-and-earn-rewards-with-p2p-validator-hooray-">Congratulations! Now you can grow your holdings and earn rewards with P2P Validator, Hooray!</h2>If after following this guide you still have questions, issues or other concerns please follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">Twitter</a>. We will provide a personal consultation and guide you through the following process.Whether you chose to delegate your digital assets to P2P Validator or not, we welcome you to join our social channels, educational hub and use our DApps, all of which will be open-source.Public website: <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=lunie_post&utm_medium=creds_link&utm_campaign=blog">p2p.org</a>Medium: <a href="http://medium.com/p2peconomy?ref=p2p.org">medium.com/p2peconomy</a>Twitter: <a href="http://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">twitter.com/p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="http://t.me/p2porg?ref=p2p.org">t.me/p2porg</a>

Pavel Pavlov

from p2p validator

Staking Introducing P2P Validator

Hello, world! We are building P2P Validator — the GUI for painless blockchain assets staking across 9+ Proof-Of-Stake networks. We support Tezos XTZ mainnet, Polkadot, Cosmos and IRISnet testnets from the beginning, and ready to take Nucypher, Dfinity and Solana on board.Our mission is to positively influence the development of Proof-Of-Stake technology and improve existing networks by mindful alternate proposals while offering token holders to hedge their staking rewards on the other hand.Whether you chose to delegate your digital assets to P2P Validator or not, we welcome you to join our social channels, educational hub and use our DApps, all of which will be open-source.Public website: <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=1_post&utm_medium=creds_link&utm_campaign=blog">p2p.org</a>Medium: <a href="https://medium.com/p2peconomy?ref=p2p.org">medium.com/p2peconomy</a>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">twitter.com/p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/p2porg?ref=p2p.org">t.me/p2porg</a>By choosing a right delegate, supporting crucial network alternating decisions and first of all — by fully accepting and acting in course with decentralized community values and code of conduct, we will definitely achieve Proof-Of-Stake social and algorithmic consensus.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1.jpeg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1000" height="666" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1.jpeg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1.jpeg 1000w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="why-delegate-to-us">Why delegate to us?</h3>Simplicity & Effectiveness. It’s unbelievably easy to stake your assets across different networks with us. Tezos Bakery is already available for XTZ delegation and will be expanded to 9+ networks all within single GUI, as soon as their testnets and then mainnets are launched. As of this writing, we’re moving towards adding an exhaustive cross-network analytics to help you track rewards flow and analyze the value of different stakes.Focus on Governance. PoS implies that the network alternations are voted by its nodes, where the highest stake value determines the power of voice. As a general stakeholder, we offer a smart on-chain governance insight within each ecosystem we are presented, meaning to represent your interests and execute your will whether you don’t have enough time or desire to do so. In other words, we help networks grow in value while increasing the value of your own stake and rewards by stopping unfair and making the right decisions happen.360° Security. All independent third-party auditors are welcome to try and test our infrastructure security.Community impact. We’re keen to become the leading educational hub and informational source for all things Peer-to-Peer and blockchain thus turn our financial experts, developers and analysts to look trendy and share their findings across our blog and social media.<h3 id="network-portfolio">Network portfolio</h3><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-20.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1000" height="539" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-20.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-20.png 1000w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Tezos: mainnet / staking opened [<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">start earning rewards</a>]Cosmos: testnet / staking openedIRISnet: testnet under constructionPolkadot: testnet under constructionDfinity: testnet under constructionAlgorand testnet under constructionSolana: testnet under construction<h3 id="become-a-business-partner">Become a business partner</h3>Running and maintaining an infrastructure are headaches.P2P Validator is built to simplify staking and take all the node weightlifting to unfold new revenue sources for you. We’re open for business offers and proposals from existing investment funds, exchanges, foundations, services and other blockchain-related financial institutions and all first-string asset holders.For example, if you’re an exchange then you probably aware that your customers most likely prefer platforms that provide staking and rewards among other options. While you may also know that running a dedicated node in each network results into tremendous headaches and unplanned costs. P2P Validator completely eliminates infrastructural, salary and token costs while makes you forget about time consuming node maintenance at the same time.<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[Drop offers here]</a><h3 id="risks-as-a-staking-as-a-service-provider">Risks as a Staking-as-a-Service provider</h3>We are aware and take on all possible risks associated with the unfair performance of our duties. In accordance with the rules of networks, such actions will be voting procedures evasion, double transaction signatures and low node uptime.In case, if you’re running your own node, all fines are your responsibility whether you have basic or venture-level infrastructure behind you. Voting also requires deep understanding of blockchain, PoS and network nuances and investments, which are not granted even with the highest stake possible. Token delegation is a solid workaround to decrease risks yet ensure your interests are presented in the exact network.<h3 id="core-business-values">Core business values</h3><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-18.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="800" height="395" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-18.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-18.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Security. Protection of your stake and personal data are our top priorities. Each P2P Validator community member is free to stay anonymous to others as well as hide their financial data, if feeling so, but not necessarily should. Each user is free to bring a crime to an arbitrage or raise suspicions and doubts against service itself or other members of the community. Arbitrage is done ad-hoc to ensure objectivity.Transparency. All our actions and decisions are clearly visible and transparent to our community. We are sharing all financial data on returns, cycles, stake amount and delegation capacity as well as the status of all networks and our project updates.Groundbreaking technology. P2P Validator is dedicated to combine different networks under a single interface for an investor’s the peace of mind and to save hours usually wasted on switching between wallets and staking service providers. We’re planning to further simplify staking by adding open-source DApps and other tools for community needs.Benefit. Staking exists to generate new coins and revenue. Although we do have static 10% fee implemented to all rewards you get from staking operations, we are 100% sure staking creates additional benefit for our users on the first place. Using our expertise, we pick only the most successful networks and execute smart governance to ensure growing value and high returns.Smartness. Perfection comes from experience. As the general stakeholder, we provide deliberated business decisions based on deep financial analysis and understanding. We are more than interested in avoiding overdelegation and helping networks thrive, as we are staking our own assets on our node.<h3 id="community-benefit-roadmap">Community Benefit Roadmap</h3><ol><li>Educate, demonstrate and influence. As we define ourselves as the general opinion leader, we see our purpose in creating an international educational hub for all things Proof-of-Stake. The part of our revenue is spent on maintaining the highest possible level of educational materials: webinars, guidelines, insights and news representation. The success of each community member affects the network and thus our success also depends on it, so we make sure that each community need is fulfilled within P2P Validator ecosystem.</li><li>Support open-source DApp development. Creating robust yet efficient applications is the part of our strategy to benefit the Proof-of-Stake community. We believe in open-source development and values, so expect all the DApp source code available on Github right from the start. Modes, upgrades and enhancements are welcome. Also we’re planning on supporting independent developers and projects to further enrich the ecosystem.</li><li>Spend our revenue for the community building. We will use a significant percentage of our income to construct a strong and intelligent community of users behind P2P Validator. In long-term this will help to further promote P2P economy and Proof-of-Stake as its integral part, diluting the existing community of enthusiasts, foundations, and core developers with fresh members.</li></ol><h3 id="tl-dr-project-origins">TL;DR: Project origins</h3>P2P Validator has been established in 2018 after a few successful projects delivered by the same team of chaincode developers and crypto enthusiasts. From testnets to mainnets our mission is to promote values of the blockchain assets and give people access to the new emerging peer-to-peer economy.Contributing to <a href="https://multy.io/?ref=p2p.org">Multy</a>:Multy is a blockchain-based multi-cryptocurrency and digital assets open-source wallet available in the web, on iOS and Android. Imaguru Blockchain Hackathon winners.Contributing to <a href="https://crypto3.nilfoundation.org/?ref=p2p.org">Nil Foundation</a>:This library is a modern cryptography backend designed in generic programming style. Library intention is to become an industry-standard cryptography library developing faster than OpenSSL and including modern schemes and protocols.<a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=1_post_link_end&utm_medium=medium&utm_campaign=blog">Start staking and earning rewards</a>

Konstantin Lomashuk

from p2p validator

Staking Game Of Stakes: The battle has begun!

Howdy, COSMOnauts,Game of Stakes has come online and P2P Validator is happy to be among ones to take part in the clash!We are pleased to announce a live explorer to help you enjoy this game at its best.⚔ <a href="https://cosmos.p2p.org/?utm_source=1post_medium&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=GoS">Use Game Of Stakes explorer to track highscores</a> ⚔️For those who haven’t been following the buzz, Game of Stakes or GoS is a unique participatory research program with real-life incentives for attackers. New adversarial environment Genki-3001 is designed to maximize the effectiveness of cartel formation and <a href="https://medium.com/tendermint/the-game-of-stakes-its-time-for-some-game-theory-278608c94e6e?ref=p2p.org">vote withholding attacks</a>, will demonstrate how collusion and deceptive actions interact with the incentive layer of a BFT Proof of Stake protocol.Participants are to acquire rewards through censoring others, highlighting misconfigured node setups, and sending deceptive traffic to other nodes (DDOS), and vice versa the stake is decreased for being a victim to such actions.Stay on our lookout for further updates and share your feedback on the explorer:→ <a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">Twitter</a>→ <a href="https://t.me/p2porg?ref=p2p.org">Telegram</a>Let the most resilient win!

Konstantin Lomashuk

from p2p validator

Cosmos, Economy 5 reasons to stake your atoms

On the date of publishing <code>~69%</code> of current total atom supply is locked in staking meaning that for the rest, their holdings are considered more as speculative rather than potentially revenue generating assets. Most of Proof-of-stake (PoS) networks sometimes offer attractive yield nominated in native tokens. An effective and reasonable relation between risk and reward assists in achieving the implied level of network security and create economic incentive for delegators to lock their holdings if they believe in the value proposition of the token in the long term. Staking yield provides a reliable revenue stream for validators operating the network.If short term expectations about token price are bearish and speculators see a possibility to repurchase more tokens in future and this amount exceeds the expected return on staking (RoS) nominated in USD for a particular period of time then the reason to lock-up holdings in staking can be less attractive than just to hold and be ready to sell when emotions are high. It can be true for even long-term believers who consider such speculation as an opportunity to increase the overall network share as well.<h1 id="1-not-staking-missing-opportunity">1. Not staking = missing opportunity</h1>Not staking today may be considered as a missed opportunity to earn rewards tomorrow. The higher the belief in the long-term value growth the less speculation happens in the short term and more people agree to get higher benefits in the future. Atoms are not speculative assets and can be defined as units subject to inflation, generating revenue from transaction fees thus providing an incentive to actively participate in staking, securing the cosmos hub. Validators of cosmos hub will earn fees by validating on other chains in cosmos ecosystem and sharing security with them. Until Inter Blockchain Communication (IBC) and shared security features are not active, transaction fees are close to zero, short term ATOM value may fluctuate.However, from pure speculators tokens will go over to the long-term participants and their attempts to sell high and buy low may fail. Volatility expectations may become less interesting than staking or even erroneous, which will lead to a missed opportunity to jump into the leaving train. Unbounding also makes funds illiquid for three weeks and decreases the speculative attractiveness of ATOM.Some short-term traders prefer to store their tokens on exchanges. Even if exchange offer staking opportunities it is not secure because the person has no control over the holdings. Sometimes exchanges suffer from hacking attacks. The recent accident with Binance confirms that that exchanges are not the best option to store funds.If you believe in the ability of ATOM to gradually increase earnings in the long run, then buying low, adding on deeps and immediate staking with reinvesting rewards in order to increase overall share in the network can be a more reliable strategy, which can provide higher gains from transaction fees in future.<h1 id="2-inflation">2. Inflation</h1>To get rid of confusion, annual inflation is not the same as annual RoS. Inflation is a mechanism, minting rewards that go to stakers as a percentage of total ATOM supply. As a result, it dilutes a share of the network of speculators and passive holders.Annual ATOM provisions and annual RoS depend on initial parameters determined in genesis. lnflation percentage was set at <code>7%</code> from total supply. This number is slowly increasing and can go up a maximum <code>13%</code> and reach <code>20%</code> to incentivize staking until <code>67%</code> of ATOM supply will be bonded.If staking ratio is <code><67%</code> then annual inflation change in the moment can be defined with a following calculation: <code>7% + 13% * (67% - staking ratio)</code>. If staking ratio exceeds <code>67%</code> then inflation will gradually decrease.Validator ATOM provisions occur every first block of a new hour. These provisions are based on the estimated number of blocks in a year. When cosmos network first launched mainnet this number was calculated with the assumption, that average block time will be <code>5 sec</code>.By dividing the quantity of seconds in a year by average block time, we get the estimated number of blocks in a year. Calculated yearly ATOM provisions are evenly distributed to the blocks. After launch, it became clear that actual average block time is higher and stakers will get fewer amount of ATOMs than it planned. That is why the first proposal was about adjusting the number of blocks in a year with <code>6,75 sec</code> which is much closer to the actual block time.After we have figured out ATOM provisions per block we can find overall annual RoS. These rewards go only to participants who are involved in staking. If all ATOMs are locked in staking then everyone gets an equivalent amount of tokens and there will be no additional benefit relative to each other. In this case, annual inflation will be the same as annual RoS and no one will be diluted or rewarded.Otherwise, we need to include staking ratio in our calculation. <code>Annual RoS = annual inflation / staking ratio</code>, where <code>staking ratio = staked ATOMs / total ATOMs</code>. In fact, additional rewards that go to delegators from inflation are ATOMs intended for those who do not stake. In that way, net earnings are the difference between annual RoS and annual inflation rate. Passive holders are penalized by inflation and their share of the network is diluted and redistributed amongst delegators.<h3 id="example">Example</h3>Let's make it clear and simple to sum up the information written above. Imagine that we have total ATOM supply equal of <code>100</code>, annual inflation is <code>7%</code> (assume it is not changing), staking ratio is <code>20%</code>. Four participants have <code>20</code> <code>20</code> <code>20</code> <code>40</code>. Annual ATOM provisions from inflation equal <code>7</code> and total supply at the end of the first year will be <code>107</code> ATOMs.Only one participant with holdings of <code>20</code>ATOMs bonded. For these conditions, we observe the following parameters.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-12.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="698" height="179" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-12.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-12.png 698w"></figure>The first participant <code>P1</code> increased his network share by <code>5%</code> but also he decreased the distance from <code>P4</code> by <code>8%</code>. If we change staking ratio from <code>20%</code> to <code>60%</code> we will see the following results.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-15.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="698" height="180" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-15.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-15.png 698w"></figure>You can notice that gains in network share of staking participants are equal to the loss of passive holders.<h1 id="voting-power-and-network-decentralization">Voting power and network decentralization</h1>Cosmos network is a community driven project where all important solutions are accepting or declining via on-chain governance process. These decisions can have an enormous impact on token holders and other players. Participation is mandatory for validators but not for token holders. By staking, delegators transfer the voting rights to a validator. The higher the voting power the higher the influence on the results of the governance process. If a delegator does not agree with the decision of a validator he delegated to, then he is still able to cast his own vote subtracting voting power in this particular proposal from the validator.If a delegator has no intention to participate in governance then his stake will increase the voting influence of validators he bonded. If such power is distributed unfairly and a small number of validators control too much, it can lead to centralization of the voting process. Situations like <a href="https://www.evanvanness.com/post/184616403861/aragon-vote-shows-the-perils-of-onchain-governance?ref=p2p.org">Aragon experienced</a> undermine believef in the healthy decentralization and fairness of on-chain governance.Currently there are <code>100 validators</code> in the cosmos hub participating in consensus and the top 6 of them control <code>~36%</code> meaning they can possibly collude and cast a veto, declining any healthy proposal. To avoid that cosmos hub delegators are able to transfer their voting rights in order to support the sustainability of the network increasing voting power distribution amongst validators.Delegating to various validators is much better for the network than not delegating. In addition, it helps to decrease <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/slashing-overview-in-cosmos-network">slashing risk</a> for the stakers. The cosmos network is still in the early stages and new active participants may come as the project evolves so power distribution can change drastically in the future.<h1 id="4-compounding">4. Compounding</h1>Compound interest may serve as an effective tool for increasing the share of the network in the long-term. Walter Schloss, a famous notable disciple of the Benjamin Graham school of investing said:<blockquote>Remember the power of compounding. You don’t need to stretch for returns to grow your capital over the course of your life. Even small gains matter. By re-delegating your rewards you increase the overall return from year to year. The longer the period, the bigger the difference.</blockquote><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-14.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1180" height="620" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-14.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-14.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-14.png 1180w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>RoS depends also on the frequency of re-delegating. The most common re-investment frequencies are <code>year</code>, <code>quarter</code>, <code>month</code> and <code>day</code>. We know, that in theory, <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/continuouscompounding.asp?ref=p2p.org">continuous compounding</a> can offer the highest return and the higher the frequency the higher the percentage in the end.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-9.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1180" height="590" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-9.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-9.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-9.png 1180w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>However, in some cases in crypto networks it could be incorrect. To re-delegate ATOM rewards you need first to withdraw them manually. To conduct this operation you need to pay a transaction fee. After withdrawal another fee occurs when you stake your rewards. So if you are not a big fish and don't have a big stake then withdrawing too frequently can lead to a situation where small fractions of pending rewards may be less than the transaction fees or the difference may be too small and not make sense.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-9.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1180" height="590" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-9.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-9.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-9.png 1180w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Monthly compounding looks like the most optimal frequency to re-delegate ATOM rewards. However if the stake is higher than <code>3000 atoms</code> re-investing on a daily or weekly basis becomes more reasonable with stated RoS of <code>~12,2%</code>.<blockquote>"Compounding matters and does so far more than people expect. The human brain thinks in a linear way which means that if we were asked to estimate what <code>10.22%</code> (close to current annual yield of cosmos network) compounded over <code>100 years</code> would be then our answer is likely to be closer to <code>1,022%</code> than <code>1,679,600%</code>, something economists call exponential growth bias. This means that compounding is often underestimated and should be at the heart of long-term investing" Marathon Asset Management</blockquote><h1 id="increase-of-stability-and-network-security">Increase of stability and network security</h1>As pointed in the <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/introduction-to-cosmos-economy">previous article</a>, cosmos ecosystem utilizes tendermint consensus. It achieves absolute finality and any block that receives <code>>2/3</code> pre-votes and pre-commits are considered as valid. If <code>>1/3</code> malicious validators collude they can cause a fork. Off-chain coordination will allow honest validators to make a reorganization proposal as it would not be possible to perform on-chain as the malicious group will be able to veto every proposal.The resiliency and overall network protection depend on the staked tokens. In theory, bad actors should accumulate enough voting power and the cost of such an attack is higher when more ATOMs are bonded. Currently to accumulate <code>>1/3</code> of voting power and execute a successful censorship attack, bad actors need <code>~56 000 000 atoms</code>. That is equivalent to <code>~300 000 000 USD</code>.<h3 id="to-sum-up-everything-written-above-we-can-conclude-that-">To sum up everything written above we can conclude that:</h3><ul><li>Staking saves you from inflationary dilution of the network share</li><li>Staking early increases your ability to earn higher rewards in future</li><li>Smart staking helps the network to achieve higher decentralization of voting power</li><li>Compound interest on staking rewards work for you and increase your network share</li><li>By delegating, you increase the network security and support reliable project evolution in the long-term.</li></ul>Special thanks to <a href="https://twitter.com/Asmodat?ref=p2p.org">@asmodat</a> for bringing clarity to the inflation part of this article<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.<hr>Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOMs with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

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