Kyve Network (KYVE) staking guide

<p>This article will guide you through the process of staking KYVE using the Keplr wallet.</p><p>KYVE gives users customized access to blockchain’s data (not only Cosmos) by providing fast and easy tooling via PoS blockchain for decentralized data validation, immutability, and retrieval based on Cosmos SDK.</p><p>In this article we will guide you through the process of staking KYVE  using the Ping explorer or any other explorer with stake functionality:</p><p><a href="https://explorer.kyve.network/kyve/staking">https://explorer.kyve.network/kyve/staking</a></p><p>First of all, you need to connect your wallet on the top right of the page and make sure you have some $KYVE available to delegate. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Av6kHQi07_mkNvfN9lb58Kxct8teMVrBa-mxTdQecCozkedJw2bcQz34n1DwXC6-6xsGpqK7jgFc7D6OAoRz08vsPayecqj6jfpjP2S-vc0P49ZTOy4ZAKTLBVEOfVxHNhdRbJno7nndNtQDN_MY6hw" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="172"></figure><p>Right now you can only stake KYVE with a Keplr wallet or with a leger wallet:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/bM9baxc4J3zeG74nwxEKlTKsuNBApO_H8qbOxE2mjKSZVUxjqj12eZ4cI14xnrl7ChvRnL6Jljqnrau8zfqP1ihJZfvw5P4jxfu5-klsn9c6I7sJquoTdQBKPd38fuQCm9Utinu9r2WHQkLiUp0lgnk" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="236"></figure><p>After picking your device, create an account:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/FZFavzQvGjCWqm3pZaQN6pf0Vf-EGcV4D9uZoSejXYFvD6bn2EJb1fK8r3NoT2c_ccApMmKxoevfhJifJnwgxcOm00cyyjH_BtqBaixpOnWzwk0sPIVJrP0UhqONhKdjs49Jv5E_Li69Zyp9GvMRDeY" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="271"></figure><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/v0QOszJeoryhJVUSSbHv_jZZ4S7BbpcG9_J6q5RHTSWxKW-j-7Vjpbzeg9oq1LpnIXfRZbOQxvP1alIMI2BRMF6P7KCVSLOU5q9W1YZi3FMefYlNgYMfj1p6gtnZjHEuDdzHPfTeaapjcVQWO9SW2AU" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="201"></figure><p>After connecting your wallet and creating an account, navigate to the staking page:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFWomV36uL4dk0oz2TFv_Hk4cKCTGC6gI4ZKFPSwf47WwlyDNvsyGvOoGsieAEXscFYrwxC_oskIoAd_n0vAq_FOIDk7gpELcuZyWA3xC_Iv60YbPIqi4GlC-0M8BkQlLtAqnx5C4TTEwJ5MxSuyacE" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="172"></figure><p>On the 'Staking' page, you need to find “<a href="https://explorer.kyve.network/kyve/staking/kyvevaloper1etduu5zlu4k20ph6uyyldw29ydua3ym0urmq0r">P2P.ORG Validator</a>” from the list of validators. To delegate, click on the validator name or on the right button 'Delegate':</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/tFcNlbUhpY-cJ6fSU6gVVaWNAp9v2lvCI_ii-gy9a0pdoUgZZ1jfYbhO3CbIroHEC1SwtB5QZ377afGvR6BYLjydniMNV_s6cjDoLcm-3yOoyCbd218J_UIQSC2lPN8-FQ_GWZBfprkYHEX7AWCvbJs" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="173"></figure><p>A new window will pop up asking you to input the number of tokens you want to stake. Press “Send” to finish the delegation:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/iL5aiTJzR6Jm_WoxyAs1HJakaaUY4QoSKz76GJzXje9R17r9aW57gILF7-JqF9ncGMYnW0CbTW9uz_J6e0tpGtcs-ntK91lj8b4MajgUYjA9CYxvCs1-BA1HWW7vH5Z4qgLy_EWKQ0LdJBOjqcBAvhs" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="580" height="500"></figure><p>You are all done. Your KYVE is now delegated to P2P!</p><hr><h2 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h2><p>P2P Validator is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than three billion of USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 10,000 delegators across 25+ networks. Our infrastructure is under advanced monitoring with alerts and 24/7 technical support making it the best choice for institutional investors.</p><hr><p>Web: <a href="https://p2p.org/">p2p.org</a><br>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/P2Pvalidator">@p2pvalidator</a><br>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking">t.me/P2Pstaking</a></p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Sui Sui testnet wave-2: A look from the inside

<p>On January 25th, 2023, P2P joined the Sui network testnet wave-2. We had also participated in the first wave of the testnet with the goal of understanding the node operation nuances of the Sui blockchain. The second testnet was a game played by validators and delegators to understand the network economics and staking specifics.</p><h3 id="high-level-overview-of-sui-economics-specifics">High-level overview of Sui economics specifics</h3><p>Sui is a layer one blockchain focused on scalability, user and developer experience, and utilizes its own variant of the Move programming language. It allows for consensus to be forgotten in simple use cases, and transaction processing is parallelized.</p><p><em>In this article, we will briefly cover two elements of the Sui economy:</em></p><ul><li>Storage Fund</li><li>Reference Gas Price Mechanism</li></ul><p>Let’s start with the <strong>storage fund</strong>. It plays the role of a compensation buffer to reward validators for on-chain data storage. It is evenly staked to validators and a portion of staking rewards get reinvested back into the fund. This parameter influences the overall reward calculation. It starts relatively low in the beginning but its share steadily increases slowly along with the storage growth.</p><p>Another element influencing the validator rewards is a <strong>Reference Gas Price [RGP]</strong>. It represents the minimum price at which validators are willing to process transactions. For users, it plays the role of a guide when propagating transactions ensuring that gas prices close to the reference price will be executed appropriately. Every epoch, validators submit their quotes for RGP and the protocol chooses the 2/3's percentile by stake as the epoch reference price.</p><p><strong>Staking rewards</strong> consist of stake subsidies and gas revenue. Subsidies are known for each epoch. For testnet-2 epoch, subsidies were equal to 0,01% * total stake (mainnet subsidies will differ from wave-2) making them relatively low compared to gas revenue. Validators could calculate expected gas revenue based on the selected RGP and on-chain activity. Each participant received random costs and had to select RGP to remain profitable but at a reasonable level to improve UX and maintain lower transaction costs for users.</p><h3 id="testnet-overview">Testnet overview</h3><p>The Sui team has prepared a dashboard to track the progress of the validators during the testnet If validators selected an RGP that was equal to or lower than the final epoch RGP, they received a bonus point. Points were also assigned for maintaining positive profitability during the epoch. The score rules were changed after the 6th epoch to switch the behavior of participants during the game, so some data will be split in two groups: The first group from epoch 2 to epoch 6, and the second group from epoch 7 to epoch 31. The first two epochs were experimental and were not counted and we excluded them from the analysis.</p><p>Validator shares and costs varied during the testnet, resulting in different capabilities to remain profitable and get into the ⅔ percentile in RGP voting leading to a semi-random points distribution. The analytics below can bring some clarity to the actual activity of participants during the testnet. <br><br><em>Important note, validators could have different goals and strategies for the game, and the data below should not be taken as a representation of participation quality. We set the following goals for the testnet:</em></p><ul><li>To align with Sui economics specifics</li><li>To understand the RGP selection process and build a reliable model to calculate it</li></ul><p>We decided to prioritize the calculation precision and set our RGP quotes for each epoch with a targeted profitability margin of 5-15%. Our goal was to strike a balance between maintaining profitability without overpricing the user experience. It’s important to note that the logic for the mainnet may differ from that of the testnet.</p><h3 id="wave-2-analytics">Wave-2 Analytics</h3><p>The economic conditions during the testnet changed every epoch, requiring validators to adjust their strategies in order to remain profitable. Out of the 41 validators, only 17 changed their RGP for 80% of the epochs during the testnet.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Kz0Q0-DgbF35ujQVJbD2hJ083ZFVCJ6HzY7JjfBd5sOgr3J5roudMxqoFNfpFMZobviLue1kpd_mbU2G2ebHCyPrTMdO1PttWC8dPs5dOw9ZtxLYO6QDxizl4W-ryEAfUZtM5M8HH4pvN18x48Vw8tE" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="615" height="351"></figure><p>Profitability was an important part of the assessment, and the following breakdown shows the number of epochs in which each validator had positive profits. However, it is important to note that validators may have had different goals for the testnet. Nonetheless, over 50% of participants were able to make a profit in 80% of the epochs.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/DBwnNdG7x-WMqH9NevDtILzT8muOnKQmAA1vi00V3Olo_x9nC713a98Au4BYljCHAqJ-Ey-QovfX9OhRbk3tAswqGlhvwPS-O3YXS6LhQ2nmAzoCGNEsoJ-5ToA1_AQduBzBEDNbhZ2AFFbPOuv6M7k" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="624" height="296"></figure><p>This chart shows the total margin of validators during the testnet. We can observe changes in behavior after the rule change that stopped punishing validators for not being in the ⅔ percentile with their RGP quotes.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/MNJK1YAe8-t2MqRNbiAK-PqKKofoEi02oNgVaCcVdIivrJN8m7fmeuy5rw3PKfFqZeavV5wibb-7ewuWHHxCO1KRh_hBlAzh4K2KRNvTGmaDqTJzSSIivrA4bP4HrmuHdAXxY59N1zKqbG2jvi93YOY" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="624" height="304"><figcaption>Epochs 2-6</figcaption></figure><p>Epoch 7-31 resulted in a more selective approach that takes profit into consideration.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/P1bFZ02CXinViO1MTRo4xpJFGiJbf6io0xZX2Uz26PPDUAbCx9BjTKDnmTvV3TkobVWkxKrs3yFfLKH3KDkB_wrUseLcaPqrOSxR4D9-OctEFIjTDVQr_oddggTDX4qTECOVJ7ZNKotFUdj-KZ76rh8" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="624" height="304"><figcaption>Epochs 7-31</figcaption></figure><p>In the following plots, we will display the standard deviation of each validator, which indicates how stable and precise their margin was. A lower standard deviation indicates more precise and consistent RGP quotes. For instance, if a validator quoted around 10% margin most of the time, their deviation would be low.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/wn2t8VuyRxjTSWm8oBEYyNClUV-2WRc2jWuPrjFr27lGjFs0zqJmctTxbk65mpOcC1Db6SWJMD772ok_U5ZTCMlFUgplSQg6ghdFGsWzDtXDHuNBxkxuuIJtTecFg86wE59lfDVg0I0symK6pJhwxVQ" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="624" height="315"><figcaption>Epochs 2-6</figcaption></figure><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/sofwFnKTNhtRXpRCAKN2bdZBsJUsOOCpkZ_Rsql67YEMFuChDmYKIfOvPZ0o6iFYiPoRwkWq-OMOsznP5SUVOgvehZ68yboAda2HJXpoGDaVIClwEJfyuRAmlRoFWtOYwDFcyMizoslIhFd9_VCn3TU" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="624" height="272"><figcaption>Epochs 7-31</figcaption></figure><p>Another way to represent margin statistics is through the mean, total and median margin parameters, which also provide insights into validator behavior. This chart excludes extreme values that deviate from the average by more than 2.5 standard deviations. If all three parameters are similar, it indicates that a participant successfully targeted and maintained the margin. For instance, the mean, total and median parameters for P2P vary from 8 to 11 percent, falling within the selected 5-15 percent range that we aimed for internally beforehand.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/zYeUw2njbpfDchttyajDZN5o_z0yS6SuhDXBHSdDCqhIQuhJb0RBZcNjzXf5ZoEFLlU-XNfNADzqUD4j5pk4q_WD9rieY2NG7Kc8WJ7yvf_BclWRA-O_FWYI99ZZdN1MvfQMuhAJ-zf918yo-3auryU" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="624" height="268"></figure><p><em>Feel free to explore the </em><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XAe7rFMQ2I9BZHNiJHbcMZvgRXdu9KcGKXPfQo84Yus/edit?usp=sharing"><em>spreadsheet with the data</em></a><em> and graphs provided in the article.</em></p><p>For a more detailed picture we have compiled a heatmap showing the deviation from each validator’s optimal RGP for each epoch. We assumed that the validator's optimal RGP is calculated based on a random margin value within the  5-15% interval. We can infer that In the second part of the game, validators moved towards profitability and calculated their RGP more precisely.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/rmUHootLT_PQVFlI-hVLXMDAbtiYWtVGUIiMbvWZiNS1B1n6cn5vtI4Rr2wS3gx-d6MDlQlhV1oRv3inaytTRf_fHexlbeyskVzNPJKmv9QVeGUKKXTYRvPgbp1JqUqjGL6mka5tL_BW_4zYK2Kvj2c" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="624" height="573"></figure><h3 id="summary">Summary</h3><p>The Sui testnet-2 was an intriguing experiment that contributed to a better understanding of staking economics and network specifics.</p><ul><li>Validators were able to experiment with different calculations to develop their own strategies during the game</li><li>The main purpose of RGP is to maintain a balance between validator profitability and end-user experience</li><li>Using an optimal margin level for calculating RGP may be an effective way to achieve both goals</li><li>Calculating RGP involves multiple parameters that can fluctuate and may be difficult to predict in advance leaving room for modeling improvements over time</li><li>Participating in a testnet is an excellent opportunity to familiarise with network specifics and prepare for mainnet launch.</li></ul><p><em>If you’re interested in staking or in launching a white-label validator with us, feel free to express interest on p2p.org. We’ll keep you informed about key milestones and help you get onboarded to the mainnet from the very beginning.</em></p><hr><p><em>Special thanks to Alexey Toporov for aggregating the data and creating the charts for the article.</em></p><hr><h3 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h3><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices AAA SR-rating and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due diligence on digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than 1 billion USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 40,000 delegators across 40+ networks. We have successfully participated in Sui testnet-1 &amp; testnet-2 to become the most comprehensive partner for staking and branded node maintenance.</p>

Alex Bond

from p2p validator

Solana Jito’s MEV-boosted client adoption & impact on Solana validators performance

<p>Maximal extractable value (MEV) is the additional value that DeFi ecosystem participants (MEV searchers) can extract by influencing transaction inclusion and ordering in blocks produced by validators. Activities such as arbitrage, front-running, NFT sniping, sandwich trading and collateralized positions liquidation present in any DeFi ecosystem contribute to the MEV. Searchers are willing to pay extra fees for priority access to MEV opportunities. These fees ("MEV rewards") can generate significant amounts of additional revenue for validators and their delegators.</p><p>The Jito client, which was launched on Solana mainnet-beta in October, 2022, is the first third-party validator client for Solana which represents a significant improvement to Solana's validator software. Jito software enables more efficient transaction and bundle processing helping both validators and searchers effectively identify and exploit MEV opportunities while eliminating unproductive network spam. It allows validators running the Jito client and their delegators to earn additional revenue from MEV through the Tip Distribution on-chain program which collects and distributes the fees (or “tips”) in proportion equal to a commission set by a validator. The client adoption is good for the Solana ecosystem because it can increase the network's stability, incentivize more validator operators and stakers to join, and help Solana to become more attractive to DeFi ecosystem participants.</p><p>This article will explore statistics on the Jito client adoption within the Solana mainnet-beta cluster, such as the growth of the number of validators running the Jito client, their total active stake and market share. We will also explore the dynamics of MEV rewards generated and compare the performance of Jito validators with that of the rest of the cluster. Additionally, we will investigate whether the adoption of the Jito client has a significant impact on the performance of validators who started to use it. Through this analysis, we aim to shed light on the potential benefits and drawbacks of using the Jito client for validators operating within the Solana network. The data used in this report is publicly available through the P2P Validator public dashboard at: <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/">https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/</a>.</p><h3 id="the-jito-client-adoption">The Jito client adoption</h3><p>The Jito client has been gaining traction among Solana validator operators, as reflected by the growing number of Jito validators (see the left chart in the figure below).</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/100.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1133" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/100.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/100.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/100.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The significant increase in the number of Solana validators using the Jito client indicates a growing recognition of the software's advantages among operators.</p><p>The number of stakers receiving MEV rewards from Jito-enabled validators (the right chart in the figure above) is showing a positive trend, with two anomalies observed in epochs 385 (+84,075 stakers) and 404 (-82,420 stakers). These anomalies can be explained by the fact that during the epoch 385, the Everstake validator started using the Jito client, and then stopped doing so during the epoch 404, resulting in a sharp change in the number of stakers receiving MEV rewards.</p><p>The table below shows that a few validators have discontinued using the Jito client, with Everstake validator being the most notable among them. The reasons for these validators stopped using the client are unclear as there were no significant changes in the validators performance during the usage of the Jito client.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/101-1.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1892" height="1271" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/101-1.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/101-1.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2023/03/101-1.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/101-1.png 1892w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Such important metrics measuring the Jito client adoption as total active stake and market share of validators running Jito client have significantly increased over the last ~50 epochs (as seen in the left and right charts in the figure below). The more active stake the validators running the Jito client have, the more slots are processed with the Jito client, and the more MEV opportunities become available for efficient utilization and redistribution<br></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/102.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1900" height="1073" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/102.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/102.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2023/03/102.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/102.png 1900w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The trend of decreasing average active stake per validator using the Jito client (see the middle chart in the figure above) indicates that more validators with smaller stakes are adopting the software. The increasing trend of Jito client adoption among smaller validators is a positive sign, indicating that even smaller validators can successfully run the software. The Jito client democratizes access to MEV with equal treatment for all validators. The growth in adoption by lower-stake validators demonstrates a strong interest in MEV opportunities from a community that was previously unable to access these benefits.</p><p>The Jito-related MEV rewards currently are very low (as seen in the figure below), which can be attributed to the current limited adoption of the client and lack of participation from MEV searchers. However, a sudden MEV rewards level change after epoch #403 cannot be solely attributed to the increase in the number of validators using the client or the growth of Jito-related active stake. This indicates that a relatively large DeFi ecosystem participant might have started leveraging the MEV extraction tools offered by Jito. As the Jito client gains validator market share, MEV searchers may see more benefits from integration and MEV rewards could rise.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/103.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/103.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/103.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/103.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The share of MEV rewards taken by validators running the Jito client has recently increased from about 8% to 21.5% (see figure below). This is mainly due to new validators setting their MEV rewards commission rate to 100%, with many of them being unnamed validators taking 100% stake rewards commission, such as private or white label validators. <br></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/109.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1550" height="1114" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/109.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/109.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/109.png 1550w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="performance-of-the-validators-running-the-jito-client-vs-others">Performance of the validators running the Jito client vs. others</h3><p>The comparison of performance metrics between validators using the Jito client and those who are not is important to gain insights into the differences between the two groups and understand the potential impact of the Jito client on the Solana network.</p><p>Based on the chart below (see figure below), it appears that, on average, Jito validators have better uptime than other validators. This outcome is likely due to the fact that more experienced validators are more likely to experiment with the new Jito client software, while Solana also has a significant number of inexperienced validators with small stake who may not have yet developed the skills or infrastructure necessary to maintain high uptime.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/110.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/110.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/110.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/110.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>There are outliers for some epochs where the average uptime for Jito validators dropped significantly which is due to a specific validator named “DO NOT DELEGATE” with the vote account pubkey Dn2cRSWAfQpb3NyUJ2q33t1scBLxzo8TZBAyKsWhX7zh, which experienced downtime for 2700 minutes during that epoch and also experienced several very long periods of downtime in other epochs.</p><p>The average vote success rate chart displayed below (see figure below) indicates that Jito validators also generally earn more vote credits for their participation in Solana consensus compared to all other validators. However, due to the metric's volatility, the difference seems insignificant.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/111.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/111.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/111.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/111.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The chart below (see figure below) displays the dynamics of the stake-weighted average block production rate for Jito validators and others, indicating a significant difference in favor of Jito validators. This suggests that the Jito client may indeed optimize transaction block processing.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/112.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/112.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/112.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/112.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="performance-changes-after-adopting-the-jito-client">Performance changes after adopting the Jito client</h3><p>In the previous section, we visually compared the performance metrics of validators running the Jito client and those who are not and observed that there could be statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, the observed differences cannot be solely attributed to the client switch and suggest that other factors may be at play. For instance, early adopters of the Jito client may have more experience in operating validators, and there may be differences in hardware configurations, network connection, or operating conditions that affect performance. Additionally, there are over 2000 Solana validators not running the Jito client, many of which may be operated by inexperienced operators using cheaper hardware, which could further contribute to the observed performance differences.</p><p>In this section we estimate the impact of adopting the Jito client on the performance of Solana validators by comparing their performance metrics before and after adoption, while considering the unique characteristics of each validator. Due to the considerable variation in metrics epoch over epoch caused by external factors, the data was normalized by dividing their values in each epoch by the corresponding epoch average. This normalization method enables a better comparison of validators' relative performance over time and accounts for external factors that greatly impact the metrics for each validator in the cluster. The normalized metrics for each validator before and after the Jito client adoption were averaged to form two samples, which can be compared using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. By using the test on the averaged normalized data, we determined whether the adoption of the Jito client had a statistically significant impact on the performance metrics of Solana validators. To ensure sufficient statistical data for both periods, we only compared the performance metrics of 52 validators who ran the Jito client during 25% to 75% of the observed epochs (from 345 to 415). Comparing the relative uptime of validators before and after adopting the Jito client one can observe (see figure below) that the distribution of relative uptime before adoption is wider and has a heavier right tail.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/KTSC4o2GgrZQ5C9E0unNZ7yc7qyvikUpwzMhY8_bL0n86jES3VN-gbeqTf30y19e_cOlIHCsvvAX4qjhYwx-8Bs0G0yjZHLKG0QM_hWeyWLdGLkyJylmA8uXk3Mn0dsG4DvEsyQxc36a7Tf5Ay24hxc" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="448"></figure><p>Using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, we found strong evidence (N = 52, V = 371, p &lt; 0.01) that adopting the Jito client had a small negative impact on the relative uptime reducing the median by ~1.9 p.p. (from 105.8% to 103.9%).</p><p>It's possible that the negative impact on relative uptime is due to the fact that the software is relatively new and still undergoing updates and improvements. Testing of new features requires validator restarts that contribute to some of the downtime. Further research and analysis is needed to better understand the specific factors contributing to the observed differences.</p><p>Comparing the relative vote success rate of validators before and after adopting the Jito client, one can observe (see figure below) that the two distributions are almost identical.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/107.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/107.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/107.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/107.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test showed no significant positive impact of adopting the Jito client on the relative vote success rate (N = 52, V = 648, p &gt; 0.05).</p><p>Comparing the relative block production rate of validators before and after the adoption of the Jito client, one can observe (see figure below) that there are significant differences in the two distributions: the distribution of relative block production rate after adopting the Jito client is centered around 120%, while the distribution before adoption is centered around 105%.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/108.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/108.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/108.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/108.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test showed strong evidence (N = 52, V = 946, p &lt; 0.01) that the adoption of the Jito client had a significant positive impact on the relative block production rate of Solana validators increasing the median by ~9.4 p.p. (from 111.5% to 120.9%). The increased block production rate is likely due to the more efficient transaction processing enabled by the Jito client's optimized block engine.</p><h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3><p>The Jito client represents a valuable addition to the Solana ecosystem, providing validators and their delegators with a new revenue stream from MEV opportunities, while helping the Solana network to be more stable.</p><p>The Jito client has yet to gain widespread adoption, however, the number of validators utilizing the software is steadily growing, along with the total active stake and staking market share attributed to the Jito client. Some validators have stopped using the client, but they constitute a small fraction and the reasons for this are unclear.</p><p>Additionally, Jito validators and their stakers have not yet earned significant MEV rewards, which may be due to the lack of usage of the client by MEV searchers and users. This situation should improve with broader adoption of the client and as searchers become more accustomed to the new tools.</p><p>On average, validators running the Jito client have better performance than others, although statistical analysis shows that uptime of the validators currently running Jito client has slightly decreased after the switch, while vote success rate has remained largely unchanged and block production rate has increased significantly.</p><p>For those interested in exploring the data further, P2P Validator's public dashboard provides access to all the data used in the report preparation: <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/">https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/</a>.</p><h3 id="acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</h3><p>We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to the P2P Validator team members, including <a href="https://twitter.com/pavpvlv">Pavel Pavlov</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/Sybertuk">Anton Yakovlev</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/stevencquinn">Steven Quinn</a>, and <a href="https://twitter.com/abondar92">Alexey Bondar</a> , for their invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this research. Furthermore, we would like to express gratitude to the <a href="https://twitter.com/jito_labs">Jito Labs</a> team, especially <a href="https://twitter.com/brian_smith_0">Brian Smith</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/buffalu__">Lucas Bruder</a>, for their support and openness during the research. We would also like to thank <a href="https://twitter.com/brianlong">Brian Long</a> and his team for creating the <a href="https://twitter.com/ValidatorsApp">Validators.app API</a>.</p><h3 id="sources">Sources</h3><p>Overall information on Jito &amp; MEV:</p><ol><li><a href="https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/">https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/</a></li><li><a href="https://medium.com/@Jito-Foundation/solving-the-mev-problem-on-solana-a-guide-for-stakers-7768308e93bc">https://medium.com/@Jito-Foundation/solving-the-mev-problem-on-solana-a-guide-for-stakers-7768308e93bc</a></li></ol><p>Dashboards:</p><ol><li><a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/">https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/</a></li><li><a href="https://dune.com/pavelm/jitovalidatorsmevrewards">https://dune.com/pavelm/jitovalidatorsmevrewards</a></li><li><a href="https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/7e37389a-c991-4fb3-a3cd-b387859c7da1">https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/7e37389a-c991-4fb3-a3cd-b387859c7da1</a></li><li><a href="https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/e9932354-a5bb-44ef-bce3-6fbb7b187a89">https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/e9932354-a5bb-44ef-bce3-6fbb7b187a89</a></li></ol><p>Data sources / APIs:</p><ol><li><a href="https://docs.solana.com/api/http">https://docs.solana.com/api/http</a></li><li><a href="https://www.validators.app/">https://www.validators.app/</a></li><li><a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser/jito-mainnet">https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser/jito-mainnet</a></li><li><a href="https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/jito-solana/tracking-jito-solana-validators">https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/jito-solana/tracking-jito-solana-validators</a></li></ol><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p>

Pavel Marmalyuk

from p2p validator

Solana Get MEV rewards by staking with P2P on Solana

<p>We are pleased to announce that P2P has launched an MEV-enabled client on Solana validators which will allow P2P stakers to receive extra rewards from MEV starting today. <br></p><p>Maximum extractable value (MEV) is a growing capability in blockchain. It refers to the maximum profit a validator can make through its ability to include, exclude, or reorder transactions in the blocks it creates.  By running a MEV-enabled client on validators, P2Ps gain access to MEV Opportunities, which can increase staker APR while having a positive impact on the quality of the Solana network.</p><h3 id="mev-boosted-client-adoption">MEV-boosted client adoption</h3><p>To maximize MEV rewards for stakers, P2P will use the open-source Jito-Solana Client, which has been <a href="https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/audits/audits">audited by Neodyme</a>, a leading security and blockchain auditing firm. Jito-Solana represents a meaningful improvement to Solana’s validator software. It was intentionally designed to maximize MEV rewards and optimize their distribution to network validators and stakers. In addition, Jito-Solana was designed to combat spam and improve network efficiency. One of the ways that Jito-Solana achieved this is through its optimization of transaction processing. Jito-Solana offers more efficient transaction processing by bundling transactions and optimizing transaction ordering, which reduces the number of duplicated and unnecessary transactions and enables faster processing times.</p><p>For implementation, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Jito MEV client on Solana’s network performance and adoption among Solana validators. You can find the full report <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/jitos-mev-boosted-client-adoption-impact-on-solana-validators-performance/">here</a>. </p><p>The key takeaways are:</p><ul><li>The Jito client has been gaining traction among Solana validator operators, as reflected by the growing number of validators running the client (currently 80), their total active stake (~55M SOL), and their market share (~15%).</li><li>We also observed a decrease in the average active stake per validator using the Jito client which indicates that more validators with smaller stakes are adopting the software. This trend is a positive sign as it shows that even smaller validators can successfully run the Jito client. The Jito client democratizes access to MEV with equal treatment for all validators. The growth in adoption by lower-stake validators demonstrates a strong interest in MEV opportunities from a community that was previously unable to access these benefits.</li><li>The total Jito-generated MEV rewards are currently relatively low due to limited adoption and lack of MEV searcher participation. This situation should improve with broader adoption of the client and as searchers become more accustomed to the new tools. We observed a significant increase in MEV rewards after January 2023 suggesting that a large DeFi participant started using Jito's MEV extraction tools and we believe that others will soon follow.</li><li>Jito-enabled validators have shown higher average uptime, a higher number of vote credits, and a significantly higher stake-weighted average block production rate.</li><li>Careful statistical analysis showed that block production rate for validators that switched to the Jito client has increased significantly. The increase is likely due to the more efficient transaction processing enabled by the Jito client's optimized block engine.</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/YjlzfIMapEo0xV1CVCjMjZYeX1VMVKYrb-_mYKrB5D0_Ts3e6SqmHxcAnZOSO2fhMr1gA0lWNRPABEWSp62KhP5ZeU4P4AlhJgCPmj_ro9r-SV-hoEPLfV-tWq5oj-L-JpZ0aIhJU2h-0GSLwgDuUwI" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="624" height="361"></figure><p>Based on our research, we believe that the Jito client is a valuable addition to the Solana ecosystem, providing validators and their delegates with a new revenue stream from MEV capabilities while also improving the Solana network stability. Feel free to view the validator performance data, MEV validators rewards, MEV stakers rewards, and more using the public P2P Validator dashboard at: <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/">https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/</a>.</p><h3 id="security-assurance">Security assurance</h3><p>To implement the MEV client on P2P nodes, automation was prepared and tested to seamlessly switch between Jito and the standard Solana client with 0-downtime in this case. Infrastructure security is the most important thing and we would like to add details about the possible security risks validators may face when switching to the Jito client.</p><p>Basically, Jito client is a set of patches applied to a standard Solana client, so theoretically it may have new vulnerabilities or performance degradations in some situations on current or future releases. We discussed these issues with Jito labs and found that 2 independent auditors checked Jito code base and checked the stability of the client on our testnet validator.</p><p>Although the probability of validator performance degradation caused by Jito client is not zero, we don’t think it is a big problem since we always monitor the performance of our validators against cluster average performance statistics (vote success rate, block skip rate) with automated alerting if performance issues are detected. Generally, our monitoring system will allow us to make quick decisions about falling back to a standard Solana client.</p><p>There are certain things that must be taken into account when switching to a standard Solana client:</p><ul><li>Solana Foundation releases a new client with a request to update immediately. Usually, it happens, when the Foundation wants to close a vulnerability or fix stability issues. Jito labs need days or weeks to release its patched version (since it requires a lot of testing) so in such cases, we will switch to the standard client and wait for the Jito client release.</li><li>We detect abnormal behavior of a validator according to our monitoring metrics or detect significant performance degradation (for example vote success rate is lower than the cluster average).</li><li>We receive information from public or closed sources about a vulnerability revealed in the Jito client. In this case, all our validators immediately get moved to a standard client and we will get in touch with Jito labs to clarify the situation.</li></ul><p>If switching to a standard client happened and it has been going on for more than 2 weeks we will notify you about that on our <a href="https://twitter.com/P2Pvalidator">Twitter</a>, so please subscribe to our Twitter to be up-to-date about our services</p><p>We believe that adopting the Jito client will drive MEV rewards. Performance should also improve even further as the client becomes more widely adopted and as searchers become accustomed to the new tools.</p><h3 id="sharing-mev-rewards-with-sol-stakers">Sharing MEV rewards with SOL stakers</h3><p>New and old P2P stakers alike have the opportunity to increase their revenue through extra MEV rewards. P2P will take an 8% commission from MEV rewards, distributing 92% of the rewards to stakers, according to their share.</p><p>The Jito Tip Distribution Program is the on-chain program that collects and distributes MEV rewards to eligible validators and stakers. At the end of an epoch, the MEV rewards earned by a validator are stored in a special account derived from the validator's vote account and the corresponding epoch.</p><p>Once the epoch is over, the validator generates a data structure containing the rewards claims for all validators and stake accounts and uploads it on-chain. Then validators and stakers receive the MEV rewards in the form of an automatic airdrop performed by Jito to the validators’ vote accounts and stakers stake accounts. The claim action is permissionless, meaning others could execute it if Jito failed to do so properly. Note that distributed rewards are not automatically staked (auto compounded) and the stake account owner is required to withdraw or stake the airdropped rewards.</p><p>Stakers and validators can check their rewards using the <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/">P2P Validator’s dashboard with Jito &amp; MEV </a>statistics or <a href="https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/e9932354-a5bb-44ef-bce3-6fbb7b187a89">Jito’s MEV rewards dashboard</a>. Anyone can check their rewards using public explorers, the details to do so are available in <a href="https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/mev-payment-and-distribution/faqs">Jito’s documentation</a>.</p><h3 id="about-p2p">About P2P</h3><p>P2P Validator began in 2018 with a mission to positively influence the development of POS technologies. At the time of the latest update, more than 750 million USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 35,000 delegators across 40+ networks. We work closely with each network we support to push the developments of each project to new limits. <br></p><p>Beginning as seed investors and validating from the genesis block, we have shown tremendous support to the Solana ecosystem since day one and are now trusted with over $120m under management. Our proficiency is shown not only by our excellent validating track record &amp; our published research papers written on network performance (<a href="https://www.stakingrewards.com/journal/solana-validators-performance-research-report-part-1-downtime-analysis/">Downtime</a>, <a href="https://www.stakingrewards.com/journal/solana-validators-performance-research-report-part-2-skip-rate-analysis/">Skip Rate</a>) to improve the network health and development, but also by our involvement across projects including <a href="https://portalbridge.com/#/transfer">Wormhole Bridge</a>, <a href="https://pyth.network/">Pyth</a>, and <a href="https://neon-labs.org/">Neon EVM</a> to help build Solana’s network infrastructure.<br></p>

Pavel Pavlov

from p2p validator

Ethereum Ethereum censorability monitor

<!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><p>Table of Contents</p> <ul> <li><a href="#T1"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Introduction </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T2"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Dataset and dashboard </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T3"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Building hypothesis </span></a> <ul> <li><a href="#T4"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Full sample dataset </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T5"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Truncated dataset for potentially censored transactions </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#T6"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Censorship analysis (10.02.2023 - 14.02.2023) </span></a> <ul> <li><a href="#T7"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Exploratory Data Analysis </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T8"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Statistical analysis </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T9"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Potentially censored sample dataset </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#T11"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Conclusions </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T12"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Future plans </span></a></li> </ul> <h2 id="introduction-a-namet1a">Introduction <a name="T1"></a></h2> <p>This article is our submission to Lido’s Ethereum censorability monitor grant.</p> <p>Ever since the Ethereum merge, MEV-boost has become a significant part of the ecosystem. At the same time, the US government via the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) have imposed sanctions on <a href="https://github.com/eth-educators/ethstaker-guides/blob/main/MEV-relay-list.md">certain digital addresses</a>. MEV-relays are now divided between those which are OFAC-compliant and those which are not.</p> <p>The main goal of this article is to demonstrate the influence of this censorship on blockchain degradation and propose a solution to monitor the censorship problem in the Ethereum blockchain.</p> <p>For the purpose of this paper, we will refer to the time difference between when a transaction enters the mempool and is included in a block as &quot;delay&quot;.</p> <h2 id="dataset-and-dashboard-a-namet2a">Dataset and dashboard <a name="T2"></a></h2> <p>Our sources of data:</p> <ol> <li>Mempool public data.<br> This data was collected via a web3 python package and kept in our Data warehouse (DWH) and only one node was used (located in Europe). The data was streamed 24/7 and we parsed approximately 1-1.2m potential transactions per day. Our mempool sample covers about 95% of all transactions in the public Ethereum dataset.</li> <li><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/data-analytics/ethereum-bigquery-public-dataset-smart-contract-analytics">Public Ethereum Dataset</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/eth-educators/ethstaker-guides/blob/main/MEV-relay-list.md">Level of censorship applied by relays</a></li> <li>Block information obtained directly from Relays (e.g. <a href="https://0xac6e77dfe25ecd6110b8e780608cce0da[email protected]boost-relay.flashbots.net/">flashbots</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/ultrasoundmoney/ofac-ethereum-addresses/blob/main/README.md">Government-sanctioned list of digital addresses</a></li> <li>Lido validator pubkeys. We used the validator dataset from Lido.</li> </ol> <p>After the data was processed, we created a large dataset. The table below contains a description of the main variables:</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="200"><col width="142"><col width="309"></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Column name</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Data type (units)</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Description</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">block_hash</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">STRING</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Unique block identifier from the public Ethereum dataset</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">transaction_hash</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">STRING</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Unique transaction identifier from the public Ethereum dataset</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">to_address</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">STRING</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Transaction receiver</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">from_address</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">STRING</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Transaction sender</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">block_timestamp</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">TIMESTAMP</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Timestamp at which the block was created</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">mempool_timestamp</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">TIMESTAMP</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Timestamp of when we parsed the mempool transaction</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">time_diff</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BIGINT (seconds)</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Time difference between when a transaction enters the mempool and is included in a block</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">block_diff</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">INT&nbsp;</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Number of blocks produced between when a transaction enters the mempool and is finalized&nbsp;</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">gas</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BIGINT</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Gas allocated to the transaction&nbsp;</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">gas_price</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BIGINT</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Gas price</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">gas_fact</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BIGINT</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Gas spent&nbsp;</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">max_fee_per_gas</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BIGINT</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">base_fee + max_priority_fee</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">max_priority_fee_per_gas</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BIGINT</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Additional fee to speed up transaction</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">relay</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">STRING</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Name of relay</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">num_transaction</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">INT</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Number of transactions within a block</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">height</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BIGINT</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Serial number of the block</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">builder_pubkey</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">STRING</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Unique address of MEV-builder</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">lido_validator</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">STRING</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Company of Lido validator (null if it is not a Lido validator)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">transaction_censured_from</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BOOLEAN</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">True if the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">sending</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> address is under the sanctioned list</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">transaction_censured_to</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BOOLEAN</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">True if the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">receiving</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"> address is under the sanctioned list</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">error_dummy</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BOOLEAN</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">True if the transaction failed</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">censured_relay</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BOOLEAN</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">True if the relay is censuring transactions</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">lido_validator_dummy</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BOOLEAN</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">True if the Lido validator produces block</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">mev_dummy</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BOOLEAN</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">True if the block is produced by MEV-builders</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>This dataset is available on <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/bigquery?p=bigquery-public-data&amp;d=covid19_open_data&amp;page=dataset&amp;project">Google BigQuery</a> in the table `p2p-data-warehouse.p2p_public.eth_mev_censored`.</p><p>Based on the data described above, we’ve created a <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/ethereum_censorability_monitor">dashboard</a> with the main characteristics of Ethereum transactions.</p><p><strong>Dashboard description</strong></p><p>Our dashboard has 6 parts:</p><ol><li><strong><strong><strong>General data info. </strong></strong></strong>Data about transactions and blocks within the Ethereum blockchain, delay and transaction cost.</li><li><strong><strong><strong>Censorship between relays. </strong></strong></strong>Here we showcase the share of blocks for each MEV relay and the average delay for censorship and non-censorship MEV relays.</li><li><strong><strong><strong>Censorship addresses. </strong></strong></strong>Here we showcase all the available information about addresses that are under the OFAC-sanctioned list.</li><li><strong><strong><strong>Lido vs Other validators. </strong></strong></strong>Here we divide transactions between those validated by Lido and other validators for comparison. </li><li><strong>Censorship between MEV-builders</strong>. Here we showcase a few metrics for every MEV-builder in the Ethereum ecosystem.</li></ol><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="building-hypothesis-a-namet3a">Building hypothesis <a name="T3"></a></h2> <h3 id="full-sample-dataset-a-namet4a">Full sample dataset <a name="T4"></a></h3> <p>Our main goal is to estimate the level of blockchain degradation, i.e. longer time to verify transactions and higher transaction costs, that may be caused by censorship. We hypothesize that longer delays and higher transaction costs could be a sign of censorship.</p> <p>We hypothesize that our main metrics (delay and transaction costs) could be statistically different in the following subgroups:</p> <ul> <li>MEV-boost / non-MEV-boost</li> <li>Relays (OFAC-compliant/non-compliant)</li> <li>Lido validators versus others</li> </ul> <p>We also want to check the level of censorship employed by Lido validators so we are going to check the following hypothesis:</p> <ol> <li>MEV transactions may be under censorship and it can lead to a slowdown in operations compared to non-MEV.</li> <li>Delay and cost of transactions could be different between Lido validators and other validators.</li> <li>Relays that censor transactions can have a longer delay than other relays.</li> <li>OFAC-compliant relays could take longer to process transactions compared to other relays</li> <li>The probability of some transaction being included in the Nth block in the case of OFAC/not-OFAC could be different.</li> <li>The probability to be included in the OFAC block for Lido validators could be different, compared to non-Lido validators.</li> </ol> <h3 id="truncated-dataset-for-potentially-censored-transactions-a-namet5a">Truncated dataset for potentially censored transactions <a name="T5"></a></h3> <p>We want to highlight a certain amount of transactions whose high time delay could not be explained by normal network conditions. Such transactions will be suspect of being subject to censorship. To realise this, we must take into account the following transaction properties.</p> <p><strong>High delay</strong></p> <p>We will start by choosing all the transactions over a certain threshold for the time delay in seconds.</p> <p><strong>Successful transactions</strong></p> <p>Next, we will only consider successful transactions since failure could be a reason for the delay.</p> <p><strong>Low transaction fees</strong></p> <p>Another reason for a transaction to have a high delay could be low fees. That is why we should account for that and start by checking the transaction fee.</p> <p><strong>Previous transaction pending</strong></p> <p>Sometimes transactions could delayed simply because a previous transaction from the same sender had not yet finished. We use nonce parameters to exclude these transactions in our analysis.</p> <p>After forming the truncated dataset, we will try to find out the reasons for the high delay in censored transactions: government-driven or ethical censorship. We will check the receiver and sender addresses against the sanctioned list and share OFAC/ethical censoring MEV-relays. Results across the full daily dataset can be found in our dashboard.</p> <h2 id="censorship-analysis-1002202314022023-a-namet6a">Censorship analysis (10.02.2023 - 14.02.2023) <a name="T6"></a></h2> <p>The code required to reproduce our results is available <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1HdhxlRsYZnrtezLSlbIMCVfnxCiOQRF8#scrollTo=2WYofE9GY13s">here</a></p> <h3 id="exploratory-data-analysis-a-namet7a">Exploratory Data Analysis <a name="T7"></a></h3> <p>Our sample dataset has 4 798 993 transactions and of those, 153 847 (~3%) are failed transactions.</p> <p>The delay for most transactions does not exceed 27 seconds (95% quantile) and almost every transaction has been delayed for only one block (block_diff = 1).</p> <p>Most transactions have fees with a skewness of zero. The difference between the 99.5% quantile and the 95% quantile is greater than 4 times the fee. The table below shows the transaction time delay and fees.</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p><strong>Main quantiles for delay and fees</strong></p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="157"><col width="53"><col width="50"><col width="52"><col width="43"><col width="46"><col width="51"><col width="43"><col width="55"><col width="48"><col width="62"></colgroup><thead><tr style="height:0pt"><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Variable</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">5%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">10%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">25%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffd966;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">50%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">75%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">90%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">95%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.5%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">99%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">99.5%</span></p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Delay, secs</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffd966;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">8</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">10</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">15</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">27</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">122</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">972</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">11984</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Fees, ETH</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.00035</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.00042</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.000956</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffd966;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.00231</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.00528</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.0114</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.0199</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.0375</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.0704</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:6.999999999999999pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.105</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>We used a rank Spearman correlation analysis due to the data having quite a few outliers that did not reveal any non-obvious relationships between the variables.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/PJkmrztTYCV0zh4Li42EeEnkyT4_9m17-ism72TDtyiRZd9E5wyhCkbfU3IZ759rOtItugvYy8KoimaSC7JaxHRlntGIlikAwcSNoCCQpzf0N9Z7Sf7B7WbDH-vxKXX9PgQ2g4S3SOZShqh62c6RBqw" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="397"></figure><p><strong>Relays:</strong> Approximately 87% of all transactions within the sample are from the top 5 relays: flashbots (43%, OFAC-compliant), max_profit (22%, non-compliant), ultra_sound (11.3%, non-compliant), agnostic_gnosis (6.62%, non-compliant) and blocknative (4.2%, OFAC). The table below showcases the main quantiles for delay among different relays.</p><p><em><strong>Main quantiles for top 5 relays based on delay</strong></em></p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="171"><col width="37"><col width="41"><col width="42"><col width="43"><col width="50"><col width="48"><col width="43"><col width="52"><col width="64"><col width="64"></colgroup><thead><tr style="height:0pt"><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Relay</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">5%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">10%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">25%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffd966;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">50%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">75%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">90%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">95%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.5%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">99%</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">99.5%</span></p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Flashbots (OFAC)</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffd966;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">8</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">10</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">14</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">23</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">95</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">679</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">3639</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Max_profit (no)</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffd966;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">11</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">15</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">26</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">113</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">905</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">12561</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Ultra_sound (no)</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;background-color:#ffd966;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">11</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">16</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">27</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">129</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">768</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">9918</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Agnostic_gnosis (no)</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;background-color:#ffd966;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">10</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">12</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">19</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">55</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">562</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">1547</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Blocknative (OFAC)</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;background-color:#ffd966;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">11</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">18</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">38</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">192</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">1457</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">12126</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>Notice that flashbots relay has the biggest delay in the 5% quantile (2 seconds vs 1 second). This could partly be explained by the fact that flashbots relay has the biggest share of all relays for MEV transactions on Ethereum. To avoid this, we will use random sampling and check hypotheses on equal-size samples (in section 4.2).</p><p>Apart from the time difference in seconds, it is quite interesting to analyze the difference in the number of blocks as a time delay metric. The plot and table below show cumulative empirical probability to enter the Nth block or earlier for a random transaction. It is calculated as a share of transactions to be included in the Nth or earlier block across compliable and non-compliable MEV relays.</p><p><strong><strong>Empirical cumulative probability to be included in Nth block or earlier</strong></strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/UGawEhk5rjRFqdtIb3ELdYEUZfDwFLBXasjlicam5ACymgrmtrbCm3VLxWInmqIYgnALH1Z8vrIReeVk9ww2JOx0hAY4ptPVYw-MEdyUuXX_N3bfiorB_F6evWJoka1HleIEQJkk0-DEy3Dq1eGxrx8" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="348"></figure><p><strong><em><strong>Empirical cumulative probability to be included in Nth block or earlier for the block numbers</strong></em></strong></p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;table-layout:fixed;width:451.27559055118115pt"><colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Block number</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">OFAC-compliant</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">non-compliant</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Ethical</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">87.22%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">87.14%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">89.45%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">95.08%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">95.02%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">94.54%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">3</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.02%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.01%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">95.35%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.51%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.49%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">95.81%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">5</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.87%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.83%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.16%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">6</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.13%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.08%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.40%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.30%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.25%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.66%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">8</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.44%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.39%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.83%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">9</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.57%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.52%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">96.99%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">10</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.66%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.63%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.10%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">20</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">98.21%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">98.22%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">97.81%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">30</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">98.46%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">98.56%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">98.15%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">40</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">98.65%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">98.74%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">99.61%</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">50</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">98.87%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">98.90%</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.75pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;padding:2pt 2pt 2pt 2pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">99.68%</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>As the plot and table above show, it is really hard to identify any differences between the probability to be included in the Nth block between transactions under OFAC-compliant MEV-relays and non-compliant MEV-relays. Differences in probability for ethically censoring MEV-relays could be because of a low sample size.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="statistical-analysis-a-namet8a">Statistical analysis <a name="T8"></a></h3> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>In order to check the hypotheses correctly, in every statistical test we will generate random samples with an equal number of observations (10000). </p><p>Let’s check hypotheses 1-3. To do this, we will use Mann-Whitney and bootstrapped tests because data samples do not follow a normal distribution (We proved this fact, using a Shapiro-Wilk test and QQ-plot<strong>)</strong>.</p><p>We start by using the <strong>Mann-Whitney test </strong>because of its robustness for distribution with <em><strong>outliers</strong></em>. We also backed up our results with bootstrap statistical tests.</p><p><strong>Mann-Whitney test results on the full sample</strong></p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="128"><col width="138"><col width="160"><col width="94"><col width="143"></colgroup><thead><tr style="height:0pt"><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Variable</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Subgroups</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Median variable difference between subgroup-1 and subgroup-2</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">p-value &lt; 0.05</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Statistical significance&nbsp;</span></p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Time delayed, secs</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">MEV / non-MEV</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">-2&nbsp;</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">yes</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#93c47d;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Significant</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.39892578125pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Time delayed, secs</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Lido / non-Lido</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">-1&nbsp;</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">yes</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#93c47d;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Significant</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Time delayed, secs</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Compliant relay / Non-compliant relay</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0&nbsp;</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">yes</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#93c47d;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Significant</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Fee, eth</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Lido / Non-Lido</span></p><br></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">8.7e-5</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">no</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ea9999;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Insignificant</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p><br>These are the main conclusions that can be derived from the <em><strong>Mann-Whitney tests</strong></em>:</p><ul><li>non-MEV transactions are longer on average</li><li>Transactions with Lido validators are faster on average</li><li>Transactions with censured relay are longer on average, despite zero difference between medians</li><li>Differences in transaction cost between Lido Validators and other validators were not statistically significant. <br></li></ul><p>Next, we used a bootstrap test to approve the results above and, in addition, to check multiple comparison hypotheses among different relays (hypothesis 4). Also due to the fact that we use equal size samples, we can estimate the differences between metrics.</p><p><strong><strong>Bootstrap tests results for two subgroups</strong></strong></p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="102"><col width="164"><col width="178"><col width="80"><col width="133"></colgroup><thead><tr style="height:0pt"><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Variable</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Subgroup</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Difference in means between subgroup-1 and subgroup-2</span></p><br></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">p-value &lt; 0.05</span></p></th><th style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;" scope="col"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Statistical significance&nbsp;</span></p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Delay</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">MEV / non-MEV</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">-1.14 secs</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">yes</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#93c47d;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Significant</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.39892578125pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Delay</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Lido / non-Lido</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">-0.12 secs</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">no</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Insignificant</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Delay</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Ccompliant relay / Non-compliant relay</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.1 secs</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">no</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#e06666;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Insignificant</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>We deleted observations after the 95% quantile to calculate sample means more accurately</p><p>The plots below show the bootstrapped distribution of the sample mean differences.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/VA7YK31gwPI4Qav_nZsB-m9F_KXlQaGjztPRvXg0-2mRbokjnxnr7R8SAxVhFl-8in5DPknGGHxdOmrtkM6dwliSFXl8E6uENNf6OMnTE3WQMcLEjlmKfMoMeTUC_pxVpEmDbWrFIxYbn6wRuxXrZoY" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="349"></figure><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Y7XY-MiWi5WlHIWSv2_Mhxe1QC-2o51HFtmeWKnIsafLg_V-RhPrFi7kWZZcsTOoOm2Y4Nu2wMWghC8NCBwkkl4o9sNC7J-xTGv1FpInhom6GMQmk0WHrsr93Zs-Uo598sSv6fdBZJC8GWC3GXDsqCM" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="341"></figure><p><strong>Bootstrapped statistical tests </strong>proved statistically different only for MEV / non-MEV subgroups. MEV transactions are faster by 1.16 seconds on average.</p><p>Despite the censored transactions being longer by 0.12 seconds on average, this is not statistically significant. The same conclusion is valid for Lido validators - there are no statistical differences. </p><p>We then run <strong>multiple comparison tests</strong> among relays to check hypothesis 4. The tables below introduce the results of bootstrapped statistical tests with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni_correction">Bonferroni correction</a>.</p><p><em><strong>Relays (top 5) pairs with a significant time delay difference</strong></em></p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="164"><col width="157"><col width="321"></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Relay-1</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Relay-2</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">BS 95% confidence intervals for difference</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Flashbots</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Agnostic Gnosis</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">(0.29; 0.63)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.39892578125pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Max Profit</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Agnostic Gnosis</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">(0.23; 0.55)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Ultra Sound</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Agnostic Gnosis</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">(0.3; 0.6)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Agnostic Gnosis</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Blocknative</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">(-0.36; -0.09)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Ultra Sound</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Blocknative</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">(0.05; 0.37)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Flashbots</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Blocknative</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">(0.08; 0.35)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Max Profit</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Blocknative</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">(0.01; 0.29)</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p><em><strong>Bootstrap multiple comparisons</strong></em> test showed that Agnostic Gnosis and Blocknative MEV-relays have lower time delay after deleting all the outliers. Note that Agnostic's relay is non-compliant but Blocknative's relay is. In addition, Flashbots MEV-relay, which has the biggest share in MEV-boost-producing blocks, has a higher time delay on average, compared to Agnostic and Blocknative.</p><p>To check hypotheses 5-6 from section 3.1, we will use a <a href="https://support.google.com/optimize/answer/7405543?hl=en#bayesian-explained&amp;zippy=%2Cin-this-article">Bayesian approach</a>. The main statistic here is the chance to beat all (probability to be best). The difference is statistically significant when the chance to beat all exceeds 95%.</p><p>We then check the probability of some transactions to be included in the Nth block in the case of OFAC/not-OFAC samples.</p><p><strong><em><strong>Results of testing probabilities to be included in Nth block between OFAC and non-OFAC transactions</strong></em></strong><br></p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="166"><col width="174"><col width="182"><col width="144"></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">N block</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Probabilities to be included in OFAC/non-OFAC block, %</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Probabilities to be best for OFAC/non-OFAC, %</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Conclusion</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">The first 2 blocks</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">{95.09; 94.98}</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">{64.02; 35.98}</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ea9999;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Insignificant</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">The first 10 blocks</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">{97.7; 97.58}</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">{71.15; 28.77}</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ea9999;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Insignificant</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">After the 10th blocks</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">{2.3; 2.42}</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">{28.83; 71.2}</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ea9999;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Insignificant</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>There is no difference in the chance to be included within the 2nd and 10th blocks for OFAC-compliant MEV relays and non-compliant relays. The same is true for the probability to be included after the 10th block.</p><p><strong><em>Results of testing probabilities to be included in an OFAC / non-OFAC block</em></strong></p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="166"><col width="174"><col width="215"><col width="111"></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Validators</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Probability to be in&nbsp; OFAC block, %</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Probability to be best to be in OFAC block, %</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Conclusion</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:23pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Lido validator</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">52.73</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">0.01</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#93c47d;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Significant</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:23pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Non-Lido validator</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">56.2</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">99.9</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p><br>As the table above shows, the probability to be included in an OFAC block is higher for non-Lido validators.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="potentially-censored-sample-dataset-a-namet9a">Potentially censored sample dataset <a name="T9"></a></h3> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Here we want to select transactions whose high delay could be explained by censorship. To decrease false positives, we must take into account cases in which delay is caused by any other reason. We will use the term “missing blocks” to describe blocks produced between when the transaction first appears in the mempool and the transaction is confirmed.</p><p><strong>Criterion 1. </strong>We assume that transactions for which the delay is greater than 8 seconds (50% quantile) are suspected of being censored. </p><p><strong>Criterion 2. </strong>Next, let’s suppose that failed transactions (<em>error_dummy</em> = 1 in our dataset) are not censored. </p><p><strong>Criterion 3.</strong> We only consider transactions for which the fees in Ethereum are higher than 50% quantile within the block. </p><p><strong>Criterion 4. </strong>We consider transactions where some “from address” is used more than once.</p><p><strong>Criterion 5. </strong>We must<strong> </strong>also account for how full a block is. We will compare gas usage and gas limit for every block.</p><p><strong>Criterion 6. </strong>We should only consider transactions for which the maximum base fee is higher than the block base fee.</p><p><strong>Criterion 7.</strong> The nonce for every transaction with a longer mempool timestamp must be higher for every sender.</p><p><strong>OFAC criterion. </strong>The address of the receiver or the address of the sender must be in OFAC sanctioned list.</p><p>The monitoring of all transactions is on our dashboard in the section “Potential censoring transactions”. The analysis of the data can be found in the Google collab.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="conclusions-a-namet11a">Conclusions <a name="T11"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>In this article, we attempt to estimate how censorship affects blockchain degradation within the Ethereum ecosystem. The main metrics we used to judge this were “the time difference between when a transaction entered the mempool and it got confirmed” and “the number of blocks created between the time a transaction entered the mempool and it got confirmed”.</p><p><strong>MEV-boost and OFAC censorship</strong></p><p>Since the Ethereum merge, the share of validators that uses MEV-boost relays has increased from 10% to 87% since November 2022. However, since the beginning of 2023, the number of blocks produced by OFAC-compliant MEV relays has decreased from approximately 75% to 40%, which translates to a decrease in the share of blocks produced by <em>flashbots</em>.</p><p><strong>Lido validators </strong></p><p>Despite every Lido validator using MEV-boost, the use of OFAC-compliant MEV relays has gone <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/ethereum_censorability_monitor">down</a> from <em><strong>57%</strong></em> on February 10, 2023, to <em><strong>42%</strong></em> on February 24, 2023.</p><p><strong>Non-Lido validators </strong></p><p>Among other validators, the use of OFAC-compliant MEV relays almost did not change and stayed at around 50% from February 10 to February 24.</p><p>Our statistical analysis also shows that the probability to be included in an OFAC block is higher for non-Lido validators when compared to Lido validators.</p><p><strong>Effect on blockchain degradation </strong></p><p>In general, censorship has an insignificant effect on the Ethereum blockchain degradation.</p><p>The delay distribution does not differ statistically between OFAC-compliant and non-compliant relays. However, there are some differences among MEV relays. Agnostic (non-compliant) has the lowest time delay and Blocknative (compliant) showed the second lowest transaction delay. But these relays have, at the same time, the lowest share among all the top 5 MEV relays in blocks built over this period. </p><p>We also did not notice a statically significant difference between the delay distribution between Lido and other validators. </p><p>We did not reveal any dependencies between censorship and transaction cost.</p><p>We tried to account for false positive cases of when a high delay is caused by other reasons besides censorship. Among these reasons, we can highlight low transaction cost, failure, repeated transactions from one sender, gas used, and having to wait for transactions with a lower nonce. </p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="future-plans-a-namet11a">Future plans <a name="T11"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>This is not our final research regarding the effects of censorship on blockchain degradation in the Ethereum network. We are planning to investigate it further, while addressing the following:</p><p><strong>Mempool quality data</strong></p><p>Our main limitation was <em>parsing manually mempool data</em> rather than getting full ready-to-use mempool data. Therefore our time delay metrics could be biassed.</p><p><strong>Rocketpool data</strong></p><p>To compare Lido validators versus<em> Rocketpool </em>validators.</p><p><strong>Empty blocks</strong></p><p>To improve time delay metrics, considering empty blocks. </p><p><strong>Quality of MEV-relays data</strong></p><p>Currently, we have some problems collecting MEV-relay data. We are planning to improve this process.</p><p><br></p>

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RPC Node RPC Node Maintenance: In-House or Outsourced?

<p>RPC stands for Remote Procedure Call, and it refers to a protocol that allows a computer program to request services from a server in a network. In the cryptocurrency sphere, RPC is commonly used for communication between client applications and blockchain nodes. An RPC node serves as an interface for developers to interact with the blockchain, allowing them to access its data and execute transactions. The RPC protocol provides a standardized way for clients to communicate with the node, allowing them to query the blockchain, submit transactions, and perform other operations. By using an RPC node, developers can build and deploy decentralized applications on networks like Ethereum.</p><p>RPC nodes can be divided into two main areas: <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/shared-and-dedicated-rpc-nodes/">shared or dedicated</a>. Shared nodes are less secure and less reliable compared to dedicated nodes, but they are also less expensive and require less maintenance. However, dedicated nodes are the preferred choice for organizations requiring a high-security level, reliability, and performance. When working with dedicated RPC nodes, it's important to ensure that they are properly maintained and managed.</p><p>The maintenance of a dedicated Ethereum RPC node can be done in two ways: in-house or by outsourcing. In-house maintenance involves having a dedicated team responsible for managing the Ethereum node. This team is responsible for setting up, configuring, and maintaining the node, as well as troubleshooting any issues that may arise. This approach requires significant investment not only in hardware and software but also in terms of personnel and can be time-consuming and resource-intensive.</p><p>Outsourcing, on the other hand, involves contracting a specialized service provider to handle the maintenance and management of a node. This approach allows the organization to benefit from the expertise and resources of the service provider, who is responsible for ensuring the node is up-to-date, secure, and functioning properly. By outsourcing the RPC node maintenance we can reduce costs, improve security, and free up valuable time and resources that can be redirected to more critical tasks.</p><p>The following are some key benefits of outsourcing RPC node maintenance.</p><h3 id="saving-time-and-resources">Saving Time and Resources</h3><p>Maintaining an RPC node requires continuous monitoring and troubleshooting to ensure that the node is up-to-date and functioning properly. This can consume a significant amount of time and resources from a company's development and operations teams. By outsourcing this task to a specialized service provider, companies can free up valuable time and resources that can be redirected to more critical tasks.</p><h3 id="reliability-and-security">Reliability and security</h3><p>Outsourcing the maintenance and management of Ethereum RPC nodes can provide a high level of reliability and security, ensuring that the node is always up-to-date, secure, and functioning properly. Service providers specializing in Ethereum RPC node maintenance offer expertise, round-the-clock monitoring, quick response times, and regular maintenance to minimize the risk of downtime and technical issues. By outsourcing, organizations can improve the reliability of their systems, reduce risk, and increase operational efficiency, leading to improved customer satisfaction.</p><h3 id="reduced-costs">Reduced Costs</h3><p>In-house maintenance of an RPC node requires significant resources, including hardware, software, and personnel. By outsourcing it, companies can reduce their costs and minimize the need for expensive hardware and software investments. Additionally, they can avoid the cost of hiring and training employees to handle maintenance tasks.</p><p>For example, let's assume that an in-house DevOps engineer earns $100,000 per year, and it takes approximately 300 hours per year to maintain an Ethereum RPC node (research, updates, support, etc.). So the cost of in-house maintenance would be around $16500 for salary alone. RPC nodes also require servers to function. For an Ethereum RPC node, the price will be around $500 per month.</p><p>It turns out that the actual cost of supporting one node would be around $22500. This approach, however, won't provide you with the confidence that it will work properly around the clock. In most cases, one engineer cannot adequately cover all tasks, since failures and problems can occur at any time (at night, on holidays, etc.). For this reason, a 24/7 team is necessary. </p><h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3><p>Outsourcing Ethereum RPC node maintenance can provide a wide range of benefits, including saving time and resources, improved security, and reduced costs. By outsourcing this task to a professional service provider, companies can focus on their core business functions while ensuring that their RPC node is properly maintained and secure. This can result in significant cost savings and a more efficient use of resources.</p><p>Unleash the full potential of your Ethereum or other network projects with our dedicated RPC node maintenance services. Partner with us at P2P and let us take care of the technicalities while you focus on developing innovative, game-changing products. Whether you're diving into the world of Web3 infrastructure or simply need reliable maintenance, we've got you covered. Contact us now to experience a hassle-free and seamless journey towards success!</p><p>Contact us at [email protected]</p>

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RPC Node Shared and Dedicated RPC Nodes

<p>RPC nodes allow external applications to communicate with the blockchain network to execute commands or retrieve information. These nodes serve as a bridge between the blockchain network and external systems, enabling these external systems to interact with the blockchain. You can find a more detailed overview of this functionality at this link – <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/rpc-node/">https://p2p.org/economy/rpc-node/</a></p><p>In this article, we look at the differences between shared and dedicated nodes.</p><h3 id="shared-rpc-nodes">Shared RPC nodes</h3><p>Shared RPC nodes can be a cost-effective solution for accessing a blockchain network, as it eliminates the need for each user or application to set up and maintain its own node. The downside is that a shared RPC node may not be as performant as a dedicated node since the resources and processing power are shared among multiple users, leading to slower response times and lower overall productivity.</p><p>Shared nodes are often used by smaller organizations, developers, and individuals who need access to the blockchain, but do not have the resources to support a dedicated node. They are a cost-effective solution for those who need to make occasional or low-volume queries.</p><p>Advantages of a shared RPC node include:</p><ul><li>Lower maintenance costs: A shared node requires a smaller hardware and technical support investment, making it a more affordable option for organizations and individuals who need occasional or low-volume access to the blockchain.</li><li>Advanced Features: Some of these services may offer advanced features, such as data analytics and monitoring tools, making it easier to manage and monitor interactions with a blockchain network.</li><li>Fast Scalability: These services can scale to accommodate a large number of users or applications, making it possible to access the blockchain network at a large scale.</li></ul><p>However, it is important to note that shared nodes have some disadvantages, including:</p><ul><li>Reduced control over node configuration: Users have limited control over the configuration of their shared node, which may limit their ability to make changes to the node's settings, run custom scripts, and implement additional security measures.</li><li>Potential security risks: Sharing a server with other users increases the risk of potential security threats, as unauthorized access to the server could compromise the security of the node and its users.</li><li>Dependence on server provider: Shared nodes are dependent on the reliability and security of the shared server provider, which can be a concern for organizations and individuals who require a high level of security and control over their connection to the network.</li></ul><p>In conclusion, shared RPC nodes are a good choice for organizations and individuals who need occasional or low-volume access to the blockchain, and who have limited resources to support a dedicated node. These may include developers, small organizations, and individuals who need to build and test dApps or access data. In some cases, sharing a node is also an excellent choice for specific tasks that do not require a high level of performance. However, one should be aware of the potential security risks and limitations of using a shared node, and should carefully evaluate their needs and requirements before making a decision.</p><h3 id="dedicated-rpc-nodes">Dedicated RPC nodes</h3><p>Dedicated nodes are often used by organizations that require a higher level of security and control over their connection to the network. They are ideal for enterprise-level dApps, exchanges, wallet providers, and other organizations that need to access a blockchain network on a regular basis.</p><p>Advantages of a dedicated RPC node include:</p><ul><li>An unlimited number of requests: The main benefit of using a dedicated RPC node is the ability to handle unlimited requests, as the node is not shared among multiple users or applications. This allows the user to make as many requests as needed, without having to worry about the impact on other users or applications. This is particularly useful for applications or users with high volumes of requests, as it ensures that the requests can be processed quickly and efficiently, without the risk of slowing down or disrupting the network. Hardware is the only factor that limits performance. </li><li>Full control over node configuration: Users have complete control over the configuration of their dedicated node, including the ability to make changes to the node's settings, run custom scripts, and implement additional security measures.</li><li>High performance: Dedicated nodes have the processing power and memory necessary to handle high volumes of transactions and data. This is especially important for dApps and clients that require real-time data access and updates.</li></ul><p>However, it is important to note that dedicated nodes have some disadvantages, including:</p><ul><li>High maintenance costs: Maintaining a dedicated node requires ongoing investment in hardware and technical support, which can be a significant cost for some organizations.</li><li>Complexity: Setting up and configuring a dedicated node can be complex, requiring a high level of technical expertise.</li></ul><p>In conclusion, dedicated RPC nodes are a good choice for organizations that require a high level of security and control over their connection to the network, and that have the resources to support the ongoing maintenance and storage requirements of a full node. These may include enterprise-level dApps, exchanges, wallet providers, and other organizations that need regular access to the blockchain.</p><p>Nevertheless, maintaining the nodes yourself may not always be necessary. It is possible to order a dedicated RPC node service from third-party contractors, who specialize in providing blockchain infrastructure and support services. These contractors can set up and maintain a dedicated node on behalf of the user, offering a more convenient and cost-effective solution compared to setting up and maintaining a node in-house. Third-party contractors typically have the technical expertise and resources to manage and maintain dedicated nodes, providing a high level of reliability and performance. This can be an attractive option for organizations or individuals who want the benefits of a dedicated node but lack the resources or expertise to set one up themselves.</p><h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3><p>In complex projects, both shared and dedicated RPC nodes can be used in combination, depending on the specific needs and requirements. For example, a shared node could be used for general-purpose requests, while a dedicated node could be used for more resource-intensive tasks or for handling high volumes of requests. This approach allows organizations or individuals to balance the benefits of shared nodes, such as accessibility and affordability, with the benefits of dedicated nodes, such as reliability and performance. By using a combination of both shared and dedicated nodes, organizations can create a scalable and flexible infrastructure that can meet the demands of their project and evolve as the project grows and changes over time.</p><p>It is important to seek advice from professionals when designing and implementing an RPC infrastructure, as they can help to ensure that the right solution is chosen. Professional consultants can help organizations or individuals understand the different options available, including shared and dedicated nodes, and can recommend the best solution based on factors such as cost, performance, scalability, and security. By working with professionals, organizations can avoid making costly mistakes and ensure that their infrastructure is set up correctly, which can save time and money in the long run. </p><p>P2P offers support in setting up or maintaining your Web3 infrastructure. We can assist in determining the optimal configuration for your RPC nodes and addressing any related infrastructure needs.</p><p>Contact us at [email protected]<br></p><p><br></p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

RPC Node What is an RPC Node?

<p></p><p>Remote procedure call (RPC) is one of the critical tools of the blockchain ecosystem. With the help of RPC, it is possible to implement almost any service based on blockchain data.</p><p>Decentralized applications (dApps), require access to a huge amount of information from the blockchain. This can be in the form of historical data, transaction history, node connections, block numbers, etc. and to access this data, it is necessary to query the blockchain.</p><p>There are several reasons why having  a dedicated RPC node is a good idea:</p><ul><li>Control: Full control over the node and its data can be gained, which allows customization to suit specific needs such as configuring it to store more historical data than a typical node.</li><li>Security: As complete visibility and control over the node and its data is achieved, this translates to an increase in security. This can assist in preventing unauthorized access to the data and reducing the risk of data breaches.</li><li>Privacy: Complete privacy can be achieved since the data is not shared with third parties.</li><li>Independence: Dependency on a third party can be avoided, which can help ensure continuity of service, even in the event of third-party nodes going offline or becoming unavailable.</li><li>Performance: Improved performance can be achieved through direct control over the resources available to the node.</li><li>Compliance: Compliance with regulations or data privacy laws may require a dedicated node in some industries or regions.<br></li></ul><p>Overall, running your own RPC Ethereum node can provide greater control, security, privacy, independence, performance and compliance for your specific needs.</p><p>However, doing it yourself would require a lot of DevOps team resources. Not only for deploying the solution, but also for further maintenance. That's why it's often better to turn to professionals on this issue.  P2P can help you maintain your own dedicated nodes with low latency, with servers in the US, EU and Asia Pacific. You get the benefits of a dedicated machine without the headache of having to manage it.</p><h3 id="the-main-use-cases-for-rpc-nodes">The main use cases for RPC Nodes</h3><p>There are several use cases for Remote Procedure Call (RPC) nodes in blockchain:<br></p><ul><li>Decentralized applications (dApps): dApps rely on the network to function, and they often use RPC nodes to communicate with the network and access the blockchain data they need.</li><li>Smart contract development: Developers use RPC nodes to test and deploy smart contracts on networks.</li><li>Wallet development: Wallet developers use RPC nodes to access blockchain data and perform transactions on behalf of users.</li><li>Token and cryptocurrency exchanges: Exchanges use RPC nodes to access blockchain data and perform transactions on behalf of users.</li><li>Blockchain analytics: Analysts and researchers use RPC nodes to access and analyse blockchain data.</li><li>Auditing: Auditing firms use RPC nodes to access blockchain data and perform audits on smart contracts, tokens and other assets.</li><li>Payment processing: Companies and organizations use RPC nodes to process payments and transactions on the Ethereum network.<br></li></ul><p>These are just a few examples of the many ways that RPC nodes can be used.</p><h3 id="what-is-an-rpc-endpoint">What is an RPC endpoint?</h3><p>Typically, an RPC endpoint is a point on the network where a program sends RPC requests to access server data. With an RPC endpoint, you can easily perform operations that use real-time blockchain data in your dApp.</p><p>The appropriate software needs to be installed on a node in order to respond to RPC requests. RPC endpoints run on nodes connected to the blockchain service through which your dApp receives information for its users. Therefore, all RPC endpoints run on RPC nodes, and all RPC nodes have RPC endpoints. </p><h3 id="full-node-and-archive-node">Full node and archive node</h3><p>Depending on your use case, the type of node you need will vary. RPC nodes can also be divided into two main types - full nodes and archive nodes. The difference is in the depth of history that the nodes keep.</p><p>A full node keeps the current state of the blockchain and contains all the data on the network except trace data for transactions beyond the most recent blocks. </p><p>An archive node is a type of node that stores the entire blockchain history. This allows the node to provide access to historical data and transactions, which can be useful for various purposes such as analyzing the blockchain's past performance or auditing the network's activity. These nodes typically require a large amount of storage and computational resources to run, as they must maintain a copy of the entire blockchain. They are also known as full archive nodes or simply archive nodes.</p><p>To sum up, an archive node is a full node that additionally maintains a database of historical blockchain states. Full nodes can calculate historical states, but archive nodes have the information readily available locally and have better performance for this type of request.</p><h3 id="the-standard-rpc-specification">The standard RPC specification</h3><p>Blockchains use the JSON-RPC standard for RPC. Data requests are received and processed quickly by this system. JSON-RPC is a stateless, lightweight protocol for remote procedure calls (RPCs). Several data structures are defined in this protocol, along with rules for their processing. It is transport agnostic in that the concepts can be used within the same process, over sockets, over HTTP, or in various message-passing environments.</p><p>P2P is happy to provide assistance in deploying or maintaining your Web3 infrastructure. We will help you find the best configuration for your RPC nodes and address any infrastructure needs you may have. You'll get the benefits of a dedicated node without the headache of managing your own machine. Ideal for Dex's Financial services and dApps.<br><br>Contact us at <a href="mailto:[email protected]" rel="noopener noreferrer">[email protected]</a><br></p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Ethereum Ethereum (ETH) Staking guide

<!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h3> <ul> <li><a href="#T1"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What is Ethereum (ETH) Staking? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T2"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Why stake Ethereum (ETH) with P2P? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T3"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What does the Ethereum (ETH) staking process look like?<br> </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T4"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Ethereum (ETH) staking guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T5"><span style=" font-size:16px"> P2P Ethereum (ETH) Staking FAQ </span></a></li> </ul> <h2 id="what-is-ethereum-eth-staking-a-namet1a">What is Ethereum (ETH) Staking? <a name="T1"></a></h2> <p>When staking Ethereum (ETH) we are supporting the network with the additional benefit of earning additional ETH! Ethereum uses “Proof-of-stake” (PoS) as a consensus mechanism, where validators are responsible for reaching a consensus on adding new transaction blocks to the blockchain.</p> <p>To stake Ethereum we need a minimum of 32 ETH. This is because each validator requires 32 ETH to set up and for this same reason staking can only be done in increments of 32 ETH. For example, someone holding 320 ETH will have to set up 10 different validators. Anyone can take part in this consensus mechanism, all we have to do is run a validator (or ask to run it staking-as-a-service provider like P2P.org) and deposit 32 ETH to a special smart contract to activate a validator. This act is called staking.</p> <h2 id="why-stake-ethereum-eth-with-p2p-a-namet2a">Why stake Ethereum (ETH) with P2P? <a name="T2"></a></h2> <p>P2P has been running Ethereum validators since the launch of the Beacon Chain, in December 2020 as part of Lido Validator set. We take care of all the server maintenance and set-up.</p> <p>P2P's Ethereum staking solution is completely non-custodial and each validator is personally set up so there is never any comingling of customer's funds throughout the process.</p> <p>Those that choose to stake with P2P can also benefit from our insurance coverage against slashing events.</p> <p>In short, the benefits are:</p> <ul> <li>High performance and uptime</li> <li>Slashing insurance</li> <li>Personal staking dashboard</li> <li>Secure non-custodial staking</li> <li>Experienced DevOps team</li> <li>Part of the LIDO validator core set since inception</li> <li>24/7 monitoring of machine and protocol metrics</li> </ul> <h2 id="what-does-the-ethereum-eth-staking-process-look-like-a-namet3a">What does the Ethereum (ETH) staking process look like? <a name="T3"></a></h2> <p>To set up a validator we first need the following information:</p> <ol> <li>Specify the amount of stake - 1 validator per 32 ETH;</li> <li>The withdrawal address.</li> </ol> <p>Please note that once set, the withdrawal address cannot be changed. A different address can also be specified to receive rewards.</p> <p>Following the reception of this information, the validators are set up and a link to the deposit page will be sent out. This process can take up to 24 hours.</p> <p>Once the staking deposit is sent, the validator will be created via our <a href="https://github.com/mixbytes/audits_public/tree/master/P2P.org">audited immutable smart contract</a>. After a period of 16 to 24 hours, the validators will become active and start earning rewards.</p> <p>Ethereum staking rewards are divided into 2 parts. Around 30% of the rewards can be withdrawn and are paid on a monthly basis while the rest is locked and can only be withdrawn after the Shanghai upgrade coming in 2023. Please note that this lock on rewards is not imposed by P2P but is a current feature of the Ethereum network.</p> <p>Once the validators are up and running P2P will set up and email each staker a personalized dashboard that can be used to track rewards and validator metrics.</p> <h2 id="ethereum-eth-staking-guide-a-namet4a">Ethereum (ETH) staking guide <a name="T4"></a></h2> <ol> <li>To start staking go to <a href="https://ethereum-staking.p2p.org/">ethereum-staking.p2p.org</a> and click Stake now.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/Captura-de-ecr--2023-01-25-163236.png" alt="ETH staking"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li> <p>A new window will pop up and we can set how much ETH we want to stake and optionally a different withdrawal address. It's important to keep in mind that once the withdrawal address is set it can't be changed.</p> <p>Here we can also set up an alternative wallet to receive MEV rewards. MEV rewards constitute around 30% of the APR and are paid on a monthly basis.</p> </li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/Manual-stake---2-1.jpg"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li> <p>Once everything is set up, we can press continue and we will be taken to a confirmation screen. Here we have one last chance to change the withdrawal and the MEV reward address.</p> <p>After reading and accepting the Ethereum Staking Terms and the Privacy policy we can continue.</p> </li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/3.1.png" alt="ETH staking confirmation"> </p> <ol start="4"> <li>A confirmation screen will pop up requesting that we check our email inbox to verify our email address. The reason why an email address is required is so that P2P can send out the URL to the staking page once the validator is set up.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/4.png" alt="ETH staking confirmation"> </p> <ol start="5"> <li>Once the email address is verified the process of setting up a validator will begin. This process can take from 1 to 24 hours.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/5.png" alt="ETH staking cverify"> </p> <ol start="6"> <li> <p>After the validators are set we will receive a link to resume the staking process (this email should come from a @p2p.org domain). The next and final step is to deposit the ETH into the validators. To proceed click &quot;Send deposits&quot;.</p> <p>For clarification, the ETH is being deposited to the validators via a smart contract. This is the Ethereum equivalent of staking and is necessary to activate the validators.</p> </li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/Aptos-letter-1.jpg" alt="ETH staking cverify"> </p> <ol start="7"> <li> <p>Next, we need to connect our Ethereum wallet.</p> <p>This will be our personal staking page with a prepared staking transaction. What does it mean?</p> </li> </ol> <ul> <li> <p>P2P has set up the validators</p> </li> <li> <p>P2P has prepared a special deposit data file that contains information about the validators' addresses where the ETH will be deposited and the withdrawal address we have set up previously, to unstake in the future.</p> <p>All of this information is available in the Deposit data file.</p> </li> </ul> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/2.jpg" alt="ETH staking cverify"> </p> <ol start="8"> <li> <p>We can stake with a Metamask or a Ledger wallet. There is currently no direct support for Trezor devices. We can stake with a Trezor wallet by first connecting it to a Metamask wallet.</p> <p>Other wallets are also available but the process is more complicated. To use a different wallet please contact P2P via <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking">Telegram</a>.</p> </li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/3.jpg" alt="ETH staking cverify"> </p> <ol start="9"> <li> <p>After connecting the wallet we can set the gas price for our ETH transaction. When staking conventionally each validator would require an individual transaction but with a smart contract, we can stake up to 100 validators with a single transaction. This greatly reduces the cost of staking and the chance of human error.</p> <p>Before signing the transaction we should once again check:</p> </li> </ol> <ul> <li>That the withdrawal address is set up correctly;</li> <li>If the recipient address in the transaction matches P2P's deposit smart contract.</li> </ul> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/5-1.jpg" alt="ETH staking cverify"> </p> <ol start="10"> <li>After we set the fee we just need to sign the transaction and wait for it to be processed. Once the transaction is processed we are all done. It can take from 16 to 24 hours for the validators to become active. Once they are in the active set you will get access to a personal dashboard with information about your validator metrics.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/01/8.jpg" alt="ETH staking cverify"> </p> <p>Those that stake Ethereum with P2P are encouraged to join a personal Telegram chat with some members of our team.</p> <p>To note that while MEV rewards are paid on a monthly basis, 1 Validator only produces on average one block every 62 days. Those staking with only 1 validator should expect their first reward after 2 months. The more validators are staked, the sooner it will happen.</p> <h2 id="p2p-ethereum-eth-staking-faq-a-namet5a">P2P Ethereum (ETH) Staking FAQ <a name="T5"></a></h2> <h3 id="do-i-need-to-pass-kyc-to-stake-eth">Do I need to pass KYC to stake ETH?</h3> <p>No, when working with P2P, there is no need to go through KYC because staked assets never touch our account and are sent directly to the Ethereum network.</p> <h3 id="what-is-the-minimum-amount-of-ethereum-required-to-stake">What is the minimum amount of Ethereum required to stake?</h3> <p>No Ethereum is necessary to run a node. However, it is necessary to stake 32 ETH x [amount of validators] to activate the validators and start getting rewards.</p> <h3 id="what-is-a-withdrawal-address-and-who-owns-it">What is a withdrawal address, and who owns it?</h3> <p>The withdrawal address is the Ethereum address used to unstake and receive rewards. This address is specified once and it can't be changed after the staking deposit is sent, because the network cements the association of a particular validator and withdrawal address. Access to the private key for this withdrawal address is required to unstake (seed phrase). It is also important to note that P2P is not a custodian and has no exposure to the client’s withdrawal private key. P2P will never ask, under any circumstance, at any time for access to the withdrawal key.</p> <h3 id="what-is-a-validator-key-and-who-owns-it">What is a validator key, and who owns it?</h3> <p>A validator key is a private key for maintaining the validator’s work (setting up validators, updating software etc.). P2P owns the validator keys and guarantees the highest standards for protecting these keys from being compromised, breached, or otherwise misused. This is accomplished through Threshold signatures, which are the gold standard for internal/external security threats. This solution is used by leading custodians, crypto banks, and Multi-Party Computation solutions.</p> <h3 id="why-use-smart-contracts-to-stake-eth">Why use smart contracts to stake ETH?</h3> <p>By design, ETH staking requires one staking transaction per 32 ETH. By using smart contracts we significantly simplify staking, reduce the cost of staking and minimize the risk of any human error. Thanks to our <a href="https://github.com/mixbytes/audits_public/tree/master/P2P.org">audited</a> smart contracts it is possible to activate up to 100 validators with a single transaction.</p> <h3 id="can-i-stake-ethereum-with-a-hardware-wallet">Can I stake Ethereum with a hardware wallet?</h3> <p>Yes, it is possible to stake ETH with a Ledger (via native connection) or a Trezor wallet (via Metamask).</p> <h3 id="how-do-i-earn-rewards-from-staking-ethereum">How do I earn rewards from staking Ethereum?</h3> <p>Ethereum rewards are comprised of 2 parts associated with performing validation duties and block creation.</p> <ol> <li>Validation rewards are taken by performing the validator’s duties as an attestation for a block created by another validator, attestation for a block in sync committee and for creating a block. Validation rewards are accrued every 6.4 min and account for around 70% of the total rewards. Currently, these rewards aren’t withdrawable until the Shanghai upgrade. Following Shanghai, it will be possible to:</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Fully withdraw all the staked ETH + rewards and deactivate the validator;</li> <li>Partially withdraw all the Ethereum over 32 to the withdrawal address periodically.</li> </ul> <ol start="2"> <li>Block rewards (priority transaction fees + an additional fee from MEV) are accrued with block creation as a payment from transactions to the validator for including them in the block. It appears once every 62 days on average and accounts for around 30% of the total reward. MEV-boost isn’t a separate type of reward but is a technique used to build a block that will yield the maximum fee. Transaction fees accumulate on a p2p smart contract which is then automatically delivered to the client on a monthly basis after the P2P service fee has been deducted.</li> </ol> <h3 id="can-i-still-use-my-staked-ethereum-while-it-is-staked">Can I still use my staked Ethereum while it is staked?</h3> <p>No, the staked ETH is locked in the Ethereum smart contract and cannot be used.</p> <h3 id="how-does-p2p-take-its-service-fee">How does P2P take its service fee?</h3> <p>P2P takes its service fee from the execution layer rewards. By default, a special immutable smart contract is used to automatically split rewards between the user and P2P by the previously agreed rules. Other invoicing strategies can be employed by prior agreement.</p> <h3 id="how-do-i-unstake-my-ethereum">How do I unstake my Ethereum?</h3> <p>Unstaking will be available after the Shanghai upgrade, which is planned for March 2023. The ustaking time is projected to be 2-3 days depending on the number of validators that want to exit. This process consists of four steps:</p> <ol> <li>There will be an unstaking page, where it is possible to authorize the unstaking process with the withdrawal address via the click of a button.</li> <li>P2P sends the validator a voluntary exit message to the Ethereum network, and your validators move into the exit queue. The validator then ceases participating in block attestation and creation (and stops getting rewards). The exit can take from 16 to 24 hours, but right after Shanghai, this queue may be much longer.</li> <li>After exit, the validator waits 27 hours as the network wants to ensure that it hasn't been slashed.</li> <li>Finally, the validator is moved into the second and final queue. This time, the validator is totally deleted from the network and returns its ETH with consensus layer rewards. This process can take from 16 to 24 hours.</li> </ol> <h3 id="how-does-slashing-work-in-ethereum">How does slashing work in Ethereum?</h3> <p>Slashing punishes validators for actions that are very difficult to do accidentally, and it’s very likely a sign of malicious intent. It’s a really rare event: there's only been 5 slashed validators within the whole network over the last month (or 0.001%). <a href="https://beaconcha.in/validators/slashings">beaconcha.in/validators/slashings</a></p> <p>What is “slashable” behaviour? In a nutshell, it’s a violation of consensus rules in the network. As of right now, it needs to meet three conditions: proposal of two conflicting blocks at the same time, double vote attestation and surround attestation. This can happen due to either an intentional malicious action or misconfiguration of the validator (the most often being, running two of the same validators in the network).</p> <p>Slashing results in burning 1,0 ETH at once, and removing the validator from the network forever, which takes 36 days. During this time, the validator continues to work but can no longer participate in validation and block creation, getting a penalty of around 0.1 ETH in total.</p> <p>For the most part that's the sum of the penalty incurred, but there is also an additional midpoint (Day 18) penalty that scales with the number of slashed validators. This is called &quot;correlation penalty” and it's currently only theoretical and has never been encountered on the Ethereum mainnet. This mechanism is there to protect the network from large attacks. The math for calculation penalty is pretty complicated, but the summary is if there are only 1, 100, or even 1000 slashed validators within 36 days the penalty will equal zero ETH. However, if the number of slashed validators increases to roughly 1.1% of all validators (currently 5.1k), this penalty becomes 1 ETH and an additional 1 ETH for every additional 1.1% validator slashed. So if 1/3 of the network is slashed, the penalty will nullify the whole stake (32 ETH). This mechanism is in place to prevent an attack on the network and it should never be triggered by accident.</p> <h3 id="how-can-slashing-be-prevented">How can slashing be prevented?</h3> <p>There are special mechanisms in place to prevent validators from meeting the slashing conditions called <a href="https://medium.com/prysmatic-labs/eth2-slashing-prevention-tips-f6faa5025f50">slashing protection</a>. These mechanisms usually consist of a database with a signing history which the validator uses to check if the block can be signed (coupled with the default levels of monitoring and alerting protection). Additional protection levels will depend on the validator’s setup. P2P uses double-checking with a separate database at the key-manager stage and secures validators' key’s by Threshold, which means that no single person, even a P2P engineer, can run a second validator and a quorum is required for that. The final level of protection we have in place is an institutional grade slashing insurance.</p> <h3 id="how-can-staking-activity-be-tracked">How can staking activity be tracked?</h3> <p>Anyone who stakes with P2P gets access to a personal staking dashboard that can be used to track rewards and the validators' performance (APR, staking balance, % of blocks created with MEV, attestation rate, missed block, market comparisons, etc.)</p> <h3 id="in-what-geographic-location-is-p2ps-validator-infrastructure-running">In what geographic location is P2P's validator infrastructure running?</h3> <p>P2P direct staking infrastructure is located in Europe and distributed among 5 separate physical locations for protection from downtime.</p> <h3 id="how-does-p2p-protect-its-validators-from-widespread-outages">How does P2P protect its validators from widespread outages?</h3> <p>P2P validators have no single point of failure and are downtime resistant with back-ups of all critical infrastructure parts between 5 different physical locations, including:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Signing infrastructure - 3 location-independent key managers with 2-of-3 threshold quorum required for consensus;</p> </li> <li> <p>Validators Nodes - we have a reserve in a secure region ready to be activated within a maximum of 1 minute in case of an outage;</p> </li> <li> <p>Consensus layer nodes - our setup has top-3 consensus layer clients (Lighthouse, Prysm, Teku) simultaneously for diversity and preventing outrages related to soft bugs in one client. It also increases availability for validators.</p> </li> </ol> <!--kg-card-end: markdown-->

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Chainlink Chainlink Insights: an analysis of Oracle's revenue and performance

<h3 id="intro">Intro</h3><p>Everyone is always looking for ways to improve their finances and we often hear that staking in crypto can't be profitable and stable during the bear market. At P2P we think that it depends on how effectively your staking provider uses the infrastructure.</p><p>Today we want to share the story of how we became a successful Node operator (NOP) on Chainlink by continuously improving our performance metrics. We will also talk about Chainlink’s oracle network, its current state and how NOPs can get a stable revenue even during a bear market.</p><h3 id="what-is-chainlink-oracle-network">What is Chainlink oracle network?</h3><p>Chainlink is the market-leading decentralised oracle network providing real-world data to smart contracts on any blockchain. Currently, Chainlink supplies data for DeFi consumers across 14 networks:</p><ol><li>Ethereum: Mainnet, Goerli, Kovan, Rinkeby, Ropsten</li><li>Avalanche</li><li>Binance SM</li><li>Optimism</li><li>Arbitrum</li><li>Fantom</li><li>Harmony</li><li>Moonriver</li><li>Moonbeam</li><li>Metis</li><li>Heco</li><li>Polygon</li><li>xDai</li><li>Solana</li></ol><p>Ethereum registered the highest number of working oracles during 2022.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ko4Q_PCIn7OB4WTIL_bSQUuTWml5S6uWUMEHHijYiDy1_dbXi3DoPdJVMkniYsriQkhfi1q0yMXC8thIjeyzN65kJNdpAiYg6pYSD-J3gWQ4jXaXwbsQQkGmRCBK9--8P5bep1glXSRkXTebpjAvkOi8GbUphwfEi5NbSyYhMzTXyE03q4G4tfHlU5EqNA" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="215"></figure><p>Within each network, oracles can provide different types of data:</p><ul><li>price rates between two tokens, NFTs, etc. (data about the price relation between 2 tokens is called data feeds);</li><li>automation services;</li><li>direct requests from consumers (when somebody directly requests data from Chainlink protocol);</li><li>A verifiable source of randomness for smart contract developers (VFR).</li></ul><p>P2P currently provides more than 2000 unique data feeds on different chains. While most of these data feeds are shared across multiple chains, some of them are unique to a specific chain, for example, the METIS-USD data feed is present only in the Metis network. Here’s the distribution of data feeds per network:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/PoRy4aBEV2Y-nutW0NLkgLF6UdD4HxMGBCuoutrrYMIdt9D4NwKX45YCzCbcf1M7jceBnnyZOsYGDmftMiFcas8jNjbd6wJVzrXeHb33RqCKXnHbC0flxRZca43_La6oR07sUNTkfROSm0yuEFQ7GRzZnZilZQeJRtpLxBO-kmALFji7vdI2qanxcyQVjw" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="216"></figure><p>These data feeds are distributed between node operators in every blockchain. This is the first side of Chainlink’s decentralisation.</p><p>A few technical details:</p><p><em>Oracles generate reports for data feeds continuously by sending requests to data providers (APIs) and aggregating them (median). Every time consumers need data, Chainlink asks one of the oracles, that is assigned to that data feed, to write that data to the blockchain. The session data recording is called the Round and the chosen oracle is called the Leader of the Round. The Leader gets data from other oracles (who are also assigned to this data feed), calculates the median value and writes it to the blockchain. If for any reason the Leader couldn’t do it - the next oracle becomes the Leader and has to do it.</em></p><p><br>It is not enough to just attract a large number of oracles, it is also important to ensure that the oracle’s data is decentralised. This is achieved by using different data sources for different oracles.</p><p>For example, the price feed for ETH-USD in Fantom is distributed between oracles and data sources (APIs) as follows:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/n5ZNZNryhyK1tldaIwlR_iMB7yL8nm-g7hifNVL9uHp2r1DYPanLa2RrQnP4ESaFGmoelpxr_7KAOEjq8qsh5AgpD7w5mo70xFRBEY_LYP712JBbyXetp02hrTDVzfP9gtLdCzKPL1_Y6qC8KocEspigEkxMwlZSGfGbi4oGnuwMmkSuLWKmvZClfHfZag" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="581" height="503"></figure><p><em>Note: A 1 means that an oracle gets the data from the API, 0 means that the oracle doesn’t get it from that source</em></p><p>The degree of decentralisation can vary as it depends on the number of data sources that provide the price data and the number of oracles. We only need the fact that different oracles send requests to different API services to proceed with the data when Chainlink needs it for understanding Chainlink’s decentralisation.</p><h3 id="p2p-chainlink">P2P &amp; Chainlink</h3><p>P2P joined the Chainlink oracles network in 2018. We first started as a NOP in Ethereum on several data feeds and we haven't stopped growing since that time. Today we are present in 6 networks and we provide data for more than 150 feeds.</p><p>This level of growth was a serious challenge for us as a company. Looking back it seems that it would be impossible to become a successful Node operator without a data-driven approach. Luckily, in 2020 we had already understood that we needed to collect and analyse data about NOPs’ performance in Chainlink. In this article we will walk you through our path and go through it from the beginning.</p><p>We provide 4 steps for a successful data-driven approach to node management:</p><ol><li>Define key metrics. You can’t control anything without measuring it, but first, you need to understand what you want to measure.</li><li>Extract all the necessary data. It seems obvious but we had to work hard to collect all the data from different networks, make indexers and transform it so that they are usable for analytical purposes.</li><li>Determine who is a good node operator. When you’ve collected all the metrics you should understand what you can do with them: what is under your control and what is not. You need to also keep in mind Chainlink's main mission - to provide accurate off-chain data to the blockchains.</li><li>Decision making. Develop analytic tools to transform the data into knowledge that can be used in decision-making.<br></li></ol><p>Let's start with the first step.</p><h3 id="key-metrics">Key metrics</h3><p>The main purpose of the Chainlink protocol is to provide data for users. As we have previously mentioned, “Round” is the act of writing data to the blockchain by an Oracle.</p><p>Here are the number of rounds for the Ethereum mainnet in 2022.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/xapxQXV-nkH28gGuqnyC0DxlXRTfWntVZM5B92D8Jm7BX24Z9Cgsb1Kfw8uSVc5I_PBZjhN2dD9TUNSOWWmhYeWFi-A2_M4n5Xb_5ienucAcJVKrtfkk_HfxnDZsMc2cvpJCNDTL-WGU05i7HB43RIA3lQRK0kP3txlaF5MqLbh4K-j2DWs9lZbqQ1PlAQ" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="193"></figure><p>This is how we compare the consumption of Chainlink’s data by different chains (for example Avalanche, Fantom, Harmony, Moonriver and Ethereum). You can notice there is a peak in the number of rounds in May (Terra collapse), June (Celsius) and November (FTT/FTX collapse). This is true for every chain:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/b9ZreTaBRX5kUef45SkDBOFsJrgXmwmKrFcwf_5CBdvwPxtMgHP2JieX4xHVAE3tQhSidDFG_FAMFptn2bRnkYHHCOs5VCGfQ6mdy3DRoKSksgKgYtRSW1IRFkZLr-tao1SwaHza-r--sieVqQlFjWZ1LaLPahSdolAlAqulYP7Hvj6fVrGqsTCWVsod7g" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="180"></figure><p>We can track the number of rounds to measure the consumption of data supported by Chainlink for any chain/feed/oracle. For example here is the number of rounds for ETH-USD (dark blue), FTT-USD (green) and ATOM-USD (bright blue) on Ethereum’s mainnet:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/5vGOUEiQeURrCyua2Imyq5boZ6GjD4MAVmH_4eh_dDld3pY3IZOH2Y8jDWHKbMV8RX7gNCexad_poWtHYVGGTDwCW7VO-eSPJVBI142XoaF_MNzsrcxaxVo3ZL8iG2h_jVSfpq8RAvtOcG5QUkgPoLzb1dLm5GQO3KL8C_OFXHO5UkTEPr9LGJOPyaOLFQ" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="175"></figure><ul><li>There are a lot of spikes for the ETH-USD data feed. During our monitoring of Chainlink's activity, we see that every significant crypto event increases the demand for ETH data feeds. It is probably connected with the need to swap every token to Ethereum either because it seems like one of the most securable assets or because it has the best liquidity;</li><li>Cosmos ATOM saw a growing demand for price data in the middle of May (we link this with the Terra collapse) and not a so significant peak in November;</li><li>With FTT we see the opposite. The number of rounds was lower during May ‘22 and much bigger in November ‘22 during the FTX scandal.</li></ul><p>It is not enough to just provide data, our purpose in Chainlink as a NOP is to provide accurate data. For that, we need an estimation of the quality of the data that is calculated based on the oracles’ answers every round. We call this “Deviation”. It is calculated by comparing a particular oracle’s answer for that Round to the Round’s final value (the median of each oracle's answer). This way, we can track the variance of each oracle every Round. This can also be used to calculate the average value of each oracle’s deviation. Here is how we can compare the data quality for different chains:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/GIGrmSCocpuw1HYcBG5nb325HI2kPQO1-BkkeSN2gjrleMZckC3fBt69FhJuy6HbxZS22QVeJ9DD-laJ35WcSKhDznJJIctF4_8ndu9QIaUBvkhHpWoyWaXiSBDknbLtym6aU7Zeb2F9tCBkA8dBcCRTYmjMCN1ani9Tt1Xx9FO31mTpgzZaPyLiXXVhNw" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="172"></figure><p>It is important to mention that the most popular deviation threshold for data feed defined by Chainlink is 0.5%. There are a lot of feeds with even a 5% deviation threshold.</p><p>It is also interesting to compare the performance of different NOPs by their ability to write Chainlink data on-chain. We use the Transaction success rate (TSR) for this. This is the ratio of the number of successful transactions to the number of unsuccessful transactions.</p><p><strong>Data extraction</strong></p><p>This is not the main subject of the current article. We plan to talk about this a bit more in a future post. Today we will only mention the main architecture of the ETL (Extract, transform, load steps of data uploading pipeline) process:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/k8IpSUldKoj2x3RDdjVRlY01TlVaKtvARTFciBmqkGLOwOMNo-CSVCyvdQimOTzaB0mhL_cFC7J_RQlpfVH-uWARBeUkrmIjg0xL9LxHj2_eHSesRQ_WnxwSgMYSBIwp_L9P6S0vL3UYZV1sYMyGHdjh0JMuwTJrnzmTMXG2jKX1ejnl8TLdegIMCMhVOw" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="189"></figure><p>The first 3 sources are:</p><ol><li>On-chain data</li><li>Chainlink <a href="https://github.com/smartcontractkit/reference-data-directory">repo</a></li><li>TheGraph: our subgraphs are available here:</li></ol><ul><li><a href="https://thegraph.com/explorer/subgraphs/53PbnKoeHChwYvh7rKJES7sdRbwtutszWyTbrrSyib7Y?view=Overview">Chainlink on Ethereum</a></li><li><a href="https://thegraph.com/hosted-service/subgraph/vkuzenkov/chainlink-fantom-mainnet">Chainlink on Fantom</a></li></ul><p>Stay tuned if you want to know more about data and indexation in the future.</p><h3 id="who-is-a-good-node-operator">Who is a good node operator?</h3><p>Every NOP is a company first. The main target of every business is to be profitable. Let’s look deeper into Node operator economics.</p><p>Oracles get rewarded in LINK for every report to the blockchain, regardless of who was the Leader of the round. The Leader gets additional rewards for writing data to the blockchain.</p><p>The main expenses of an Oracle are gas costs, infrastructure costs and human resources. Oracles should pay the gas cost to write data to the blockchain when it was chosen as Leader of the Round.</p><p>We can track rewards and gas costs to estimate the revenue of the oracle's performance. Here is Chainlink on Ethereum financial metrics:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/G-e8bKxh3uuB8r4xRLS8LBfnRh7EVqJFcSvpnsDm2nuoKSbnxBhrbhZyCZ5tvRYHQ26aoNgGkuHiNNgM-ky_mOqTIGTIiNknQfbEEbv5aOAxgw8WhRm5e3kKi2TcEBXrDm4f4jVK7MZRlhw53KwkDpMbV4rtLpahFZ-bURQ1CNs3zSKMswSftu4JBm9lig" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="265"></figure><p>So the total net revenue for all of the oracles in Ethereum is 37.3 mil $ during this year.</p><p>Now we know the Chainlink mechanics. We also know that a Bear market in Crypto leads to smaller amounts of revenue for every project. But 2022 has also brought us a lot of activity from scandals involving multiple projects: Terra, Celsius, FTT and so on. What if we want to understand how stable an oracle’s revenue can be during an unusual event ? We will definitely want to know what the gas spending value was and how many rewards the oracles got. It will also be great to see deviations to understand the consensus about price data between oracles.</p><p>Let’s see what was happening with an oracle's net revenue during 2022 across 6 networks: Ethereum, Solana, Fantom, Moonriver, Harmony and Avalanche:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/lDoax59JiicEyvaBGsGERT7XT_v8qT8u1R5K7uHgIdIc7hdd6Y6ijI0j0Efe1om5UTsPyy0qYtVuO021MNS5OVtcjbUl7f4hl96QJcVTMaFnx7u05U2fORFe02Ds3H3PX8iXQ0fRHEm_LmGW0dCDf8Df8lAhIF2icWaQ-khXzAVGWc-7nxqK55XzgCUIgQ" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="176"></figure><p>Here's what was happening with revenue during April-may ‘22 to understand how the Terra event influenced Chainlink NOPs:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/1.png" width="516" height="518" loading="lazy" alt></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/2.png" width="686" height="598" loading="lazy" alt srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/12/2.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/2.png 686w"></div></div></div></figure><p><br>We can see that everything went up: Costs, Rewards and Net Revenue. So during this commotion around Terra, we see a peak in the number of rounds as we mentioned earlier. It led to an increase in network utilisation and higher gas costs. But it also brought more rewards to node operators and higher Net Revenue as a result.</p><p>A slightly different situation was the FTT/FTX collapse. We’ve already seen that there were way more rounds for FTT data feeds. If we dig deeper we can also see that it happened to every asset associated with FTX such as Solana. But what about net revenue?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/3.png" width="694" height="654" loading="lazy" alt srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/12/3.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/3.png 694w"></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/4.png" width="864" height="640" loading="lazy" alt srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/12/4.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/4.png 864w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/5.png" width="684" height="650" loading="lazy" alt srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/12/5.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/5.png 684w"></div></div></div></figure><p><br>It was the same during September and October, with no significant differences. But what about P2P:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/6.png" width="584" height="612" loading="lazy" alt></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/7.png" width="614" height="626" loading="lazy" alt srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/12/7.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/7.png 614w"></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/8.png" width="612" height="628" loading="lazy" alt srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/12/8.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/8.png 612w"></div></div></div></figure><p>Our revenue hasn't changed much during the last 3 months.</p><p>Besides revenue, every NOP should care about its reputation in the Chainlink network. As we previously mentioned, we track reputation by 2 key metrics:</p><ol><li>Deviation</li><li>TSR</li></ol><p>Here’s the Deviation stat for 5 networks:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/MFvB1wIPX31q-SczY1-ZRDov9wNrfniYHIBiSpqWMnJvsQJ8F5Hb4YMSHFxdNj9NmC4AAx1d4nR1UCfsvkewZYKSGSE6ICtKeCZZ4Jmms2D6mOvuL9JlZi1vqkA6qH7NqG-113OrPYXxoFiItbyeKfMAlGuoWWZMJ8ydT0AJF6pOK7xiBXI2-QvCaCVvXw" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="173"></figure><p>The two red vertical lines mark the Terra and FTT/FTX events.</p><p>It is expected that during a big market event, the consistency of oracles decreases. We can see the huge deviation in Avalanche and Moonriver during the Terra collapse.</p><p>During the FTX event we can observe a deviation, although much smaller when compared to the earlier one:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/PF1e9w5FoYu1eUCBICXhEepDSJd01b9q-v_V9O7RGT51L1yI5yOCFe3awTjaBpiztMrBZFbLQMT7tyuVbq2lMbH-YClh4fVu42oYM_j_dgPuhYIbcSNM10EwYdPDhVs9FwMliPoEQE9XF4Zmc7IO-XJim4rfQKTkz2ThbBA30IcRAFM_m3PTeMdBTleMlQ" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="203" height="276"></figure><p>We can also compare oracles based on TSR to estimate how successful oracles are in writing data to the blockchain. For example, here is the TSR for Ethereum’s mainnet:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/0AwgVfBVVPTzGOmoXWFbqxTtTYMHRlbKgvz_JkoJ83drgBcsidggKMCu6M2F9aJOZol0k7wBM-F_31iPjnRmHVQn1tip5a_Zu8l1652XFfwoAqhV8PvvF1UvcZACIU0OkxaKRkPoI-RHPRtBaarQEa3ruE_ODKGnz3kOpU3ODRIbmsX7nQq8muTMxBczcA" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="175"></figure><p>We can observe that during November and for most of 2022, P2P had a TSR ranging between 90-100% in every network except Fantom and Solana (and Moonriver in April). This is because those chains use a different transaction execution mechanism compared to most EVM chains. You can make sure that this is quite a good metric value by comparing us to others.</p><p>Here is the distribution of different NOPs TSR for the Fantom network:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/6nvlDCRGlu0CQezWXbVY_Hz9RSnlkKGTHUUVCDiIckYpfRtxrmr0Y0Rz7WoD5EyHXnHUTAVxctbssydK82O-htUsQ980nGcglNVN2Fu93nEDdrv8ZZbIKMkvExrlfLyd5QnfWK0OsimT9zAiBd_McY2VH7fY0GoQ2BhRyWy67_eCmjsnVQDT43ylX9S6Wg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="329"></figure><p><br>We can observe that even at its lowest point P2P was among the top NOPs.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/rq8zjGR9Gg1DnY7SI840HpM4Nl03jg54-7tr3z6YhJOOh2xXUl1A-qKX7l59hco13rNG8hE4jtCg1BA5-FBQIJC0L6JPbQaS26b5cwQy-55b-UdaOJFufVOkiBP8mNp0qC576tZW2vCPee7ShXW9yeK01QIL-R5qcGcDqFq4k6G6WUH55OLa952T3m4gTA" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="333"></figure><p>The median TSR or all Nops on Solana was 6.07% and the median TSR for P2P was 6% for the same period.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/2T9H6f4Ovl5_QpOcvm1G7wVaFomZuLOKC3NdWW6T6sUMW0nn8Rz0db0Y7NmXBvsjj-Ouuf3bLyYESj-JGhy8IeZ3U4418pX_CQHUWbm03_qDMnJGVPYcqD7TvRtDzjs0ZOT6vfj0dhh-J2Uej-nqhJpKtaA0TSfIV9wFdlCmxVegFjHz23as4BzCW36FDw" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="332"></figure><h3 id="decision-making">Decision making</h3><p>In this section, we will discuss how we solve business problems by using a data-driven approach.</p><p>On August 2021 Ethereum released EIP-1559. A significant aspect of this proposal was how it overhauled the transaction fee system. For P2P it meant that we could now use EIP-1559 to prioritize transactions. We weren’t sure how this would affect the transaction success rate, in other words, did miners have a preference for one type of transaction?</p><p>We’ve decided to run an A/B test. The design was to switch the priority fee algorithm from Standard to 1559 every 15 minutes and set the configuration of both algorithms. As a result, we’ve got the same transaction success rate and significantly different cap fees as can be seen in the picture below:<br></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/cZyvehzptSVbQyPoD8YDWRJWCzQIE5XZ8cN-X6Sm2vBhqtmTKO9AQg5vyqkRp_MYm1e5Ldop_oqZRRdjRED7zeWDU-WrzBAJIR3kLAy6Ueo64cnnN6hYlS8nX7vnal2Yj0GG8DjXgzJoHTCSp5uftQWhy1tZsHOaZ_krVTE54Fqt2uluZzOXDU9Q0lW3GA" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="371"></figure><p><br>This is how data analysis and data-driven approaches are applied in decision-making.</p><h3 id="staking">Staking</h3><p>Chainlink Staking v.0.1 launched on December 6, 2022. During this first version there are two ways to stake Chainlink:</p><ol><li>Community staking: you need to satisfy three <a href="https://blog.chain.link/chainlink-staking-early-access-eligibility-app/">criteria</a> and the APR is around <a href="https://blog.chain.link/chainlink-staking-launch-details/">4.75%</a><br></li><li>Staking through a NOP: when a NOP stakes from 1000 to 50k LINKs as a self-stake. APR is 7%.</li></ol><p>If you want to see the details you can read <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/chainlink-staking">this post</a> in our blog or on Chainlink's official <a href="https://blog.chain.link/how-to-stake-chainlink-link/">website</a>. But as you may see the community staking pool is already full and won’t be expended till v.1.0 (9-12 months):</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/EhIZFEBJ2vh9a7_V1SzfCJZF2-cWSKe12djGu_6WTb1vlaSwJ9Fi5GezBhCJnqoDf_TdoIPi1HVv5CzdIfuLmcg2a0qbI4Qv6tyuaWgdFZe2c_pYU1hyKUfK2X-bS1hnDsMjZPvbWQdpXaY3TO2vQMPNMfoDG9DBj3bo59575bJQvY9DaRUdeLDfLJDKwg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="386" height="373"></figure><p><br>That is why we are glad to provide our clients with a custodial solution to get a higher APR through P2P with a 10% fee. Through P2P you need a minimum of 10k LINK and can stake up to 50k LINK.</p><hr><h3 id="about-p2p">About P2P</h3><p>P2P Validator is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due diligence on digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than 1,5 billion USD is staked with P2P Validator by over 25,000 delegators across 25+ networks.</p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

TheGraph The Graph: How to become a Curator

<h3 id="the-graph-overview">The Graph overview</h3><p>The Graph is a decentralised protocol for querying and indexing data from blockchains. It is the backbone of major crypto projects like Uniswap, Lido, Livepeer and Decentraland. Basically, any dApp in order to be truly decentralised has to store its data on a distributed database. And The Graph is where dApps can store and collect information in a familiar Web 2.0 fashion but with Web3 security and reliability.</p><p>You can capitalise on major Web3 projects’ successes and failures and earn fees on The Graph platform. The Graph supplies the databases and computing powers to support these projects and this work is done by the <strong>indexers<em>.</em></strong> This work is backed by <strong><em>delegators</em></strong> that stake GRT by delegating it to them. Anyone can become a delegator and get between 9% and 15% APY on their GRT tokens.</p><p>Those looking for a <strong>higher yield and comfortable with higher risks</strong> can consider becoming a <strong>curator</strong>. </p><h3 id="how-to-become-a-curator-and-earn-up-to-30-apr-on-the-graph">How to become a curator and earn up to 30% APR on The Graph</h3><p>A Curators’ job is to identify the most prosperous Web3 projects that use The Graph as their database and <strong>buy their shares</strong>. When a curator holds these shares they get a part of the query fees served by indexers with some of them returning <strong>up to 30% APY</strong>. </p><p>With the new dashboard made by P2P for curators, it has become easier than ever to make data-driven decisions.</p><p><a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/graph_curation">https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/graph_curation</a></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/LWEFh4gxRK4CE8sSXkllZBvzy36YjMQi451EtVbXDWa3eHQR8s8UczlTY6Tbmq5_fJ1oJae4keRPkUWjlb8P_JJfEnjdo6N19XL0KdeABpsAIj1u5rJk4KV8_zE1_rZRcvwvFdenPU9_bAQNkbGsHGrjvABnpwgb8rjVSo5goYyZc4ic6ZUaTBXnc2BwfA" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="197"></figure><p>The first tab (subgraphs) is designed to give you data on where the upcoming query fees are going to be higher. </p><p>The creators’ share column would help you identify how many other curators may leave and thus lower your share price, as it is unlikely (but still possible!) for subgraph creators to abandon their own subgraph.</p><p><strong>Query fees (QF)</strong> probability is calculated based on the past 30 days. If there were no queries in the last month, the probability of new queries is close to 0. The percentage takes into account all closed allocations, their size, and duration and estimates the probability of the next query.</p><p><strong>QF APR</strong> is estimated based on the annualised Price per Share changes <strong>in the last 30 days </strong>based on indexers' allocation collect events.</p><p><strong>QF APR If You Signal N GRT</strong> is calculated considering current signals &amp; query fees collected in the last 30 days.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/fPz7MeZb9VYyYw_iuPEagHOUkDL8YfaTa9lYmumMy2HQ0Uj9Tr87iApkHN2rS1z6WBC28LpmrQO9dvUGWpBNVZ-YO76Z4V3uKPA65sTplIWK_Of07bnIRIPEJv1QdEBWVNGGLj_JMNDdnxyR-k-5qblJEHdGDyMNhpvj4bBJyGbh_5Iafk99X34fyjPU9g" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"></figure><h3 id="how-are-query-fees-accrued">How are query fees accrued</h3><p>Everything starts with indexers allocating their GRT to subgraphs. They would allocate their tokens proportionally to the number of signals on the subgraphs. </p><p>In the table below Proportion = Signals / Allocated GRT</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/image.png"> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>If for example, curators added signals to the UMA subgraph, this would in theory lead to more indexers allocating GRT there. An allocation generates rewards for a period of 28 epochs only (approx. 28 days). After that, the allocation stops generating rewards and indexers have an incentive to close them. They may also close their allocation earlier if the signals on the subgraphs change. You can observe indexers' behaviour towards particular subgraphs in the Selected Subgraphs’ Current Indexers’ Allocations table.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/A2KQHjzfMubFzSf3ZibEnHuYz0GCsRrsTNU5ygynfA_13tZzoOMiWI9ejdvDeqpfG7rO3u4rXDkeWQdWRBkPcDFdlb16_Oo_Hi4dQskoZRBl_mOJZXj7Qxakft6kF4KjlJ2X26jzZuBSWsllv9WqHq0s3r0VNB8MR9SpZjMKpV2bmuqL1lwDzBOnGLzV9A" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="99"></figure><p>Here's how the allocation lifecycle plays out:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/image-1.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="647" height="133" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/12/image-1.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/12/image-1.png 647w"></figure><p>Because Indexers have to pay gas for every action sometimes they choose not to collect query fees if the reward doesn't outweigh the cost. They can store those query fees and accumulate them until it is economically viable to claim them. To help you predict whether an indexer will claim query fees, we provide you with the stats for previous allocations. Curators only get their share of query fees after the indexers claim them.</p><h3 id="differences-between-the-share-price-and-the-token-price">Differences between the share price and the token price</h3><p>Query fees are not the primary source of income for curators. Most of the tokens earned come from the <strong><em>shares' price changes</em></strong>.</p><p>The share price is not tied to the project’s token price. For example, changes in the Uniswap token price, UNI, do not correlate with changes in price for its subgraph shares. Some of the projects with a subgraph do not have a token at all, for example, Connext has not released its token yet. You also need to pay attention to the subgraph publisher. For example, Messari has published subgraphs for Uniswap, Lido and other projects, but those subgraphs are not used by Uniswap or Lido, but by Messari.</p><p>With the help of our new tools, you can take a look at how other curators earn GRT on the share price changes. You can try to figure out the tactics that others use to become more profitable by taking a look at their portfolio and the actions they took.</p><h3 id="shares-price-and-bonding-curve">Shares price and bonding curve</h3><p>When signalling onto the subgraph a curator buys shares. The price of a share is pre-determined by the bonding curve and each subsequent share is more expensive. The same logic applies in the opposite direction. If someone sells a share, the share price of each curator on that subgraph drops as the price goes down the bonding curve. This process is well documented in <a href="https://thegraph.com/docs/en/network/curating/">The Graph's official documentation</a>. The primary way to earn rewards in curation is by being among the first to notice the true potential of a subgraph.</p><p>There are a few tactics that can be applied to be successful in this way of earning rewards. One that is very frowned upon by the community is the use of front-running bots that signal on a subgraph as soon as it appears in the network. There are different proposals on how to decrease their impact on the industry. These bots are not as aggressive as in other parts of the crypto ecosystem, so they still leave an opportunity for common investors to earn rewards in the curation market.</p><p>Projects with big names, such as Lido, Messari, and Curve get their signals very quickly as it is assumed that they will generate both hype and query fees that would generate rewards. But keep in mind that anyone can create a subgraph with any name, so it is better to make sure that the subgraph you plan to signal on is the official one. In all the cases mentioned above, a good place to discuss any Curation related questions is the official <a href="https://discord.com/invite/vtvv7FP">discord channel</a>.</p><p>We hope our new tool helps you in your curation process decision-making, or if it is the case, it helps you get started. We are always happy to hear your feedback on the work we are doing, so do not hesitate to reach out, and make suggestions on how we can make The Graph even better.</p><p>Check out the tool below.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/graph_curation/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Superset</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description"></div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://reports.p2p.org/static/assets/images/favicon.png" alt=""></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://reports.p2p.org/static/assets/images/loading.gif" alt=""></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="about-p2p-validator"><strong>About P2P Validator</strong></h2><p><a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=economy&amp;utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider with the best industry practices and proven expertise. At the time of publishing, P2P Validator is trusted with over $1B in staked assets by over 30,000 delegators across 40+ networks.</p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Quicksilver P2P Joines Quicksilver Mainnet as a Genesis Validator

<p>Liquid staking became one of the key elements of modern DeFi. It gives higher flexibility for end users and allows them to capitalize on illiquid staking positions based on their risk appetite. <strong>Liquid staking can improve decentralization and censorship resistance for the underlying proof-of-stake network</strong>. Quicksilver is a sovereign protocol that aims to bring liquid staking to the broad Cosmos ecosystem.</p><p>Most TVL in Cosmos is locked in staking making users decide between DeFi and participation in network security. <strong>Quicksilver will utilize the liquidity staking module (LSM) that allows delegators to avoid unstaking their assets and make deposits into the protocol without losing rewards during the unbonding period</strong>. It also helps to maintain better security of the underlying chain. In the long term, it will seamlessly boost DeFi within the Cosmos ecosystem involving a portion of assets that are locked in staking and not transferable.</p><p>Quicksilver Protocol will be able to query the number of qAssets of a user and provide the ability to participate in governance according to the voting power, without the need to return qAssets. Through its concept of proxy governance, users will be able to vote on proposals directly through Quicksilver.</p><p><em>We are thrilled to announce that</em><a href="http://p2p.org"><em> P2P.ORG</em></a><em> joins Quicksilver as a genesis validator. It aligns with our intention to improve security, censorship resistance, and support better decentralization.</em></p><p>P2P has broad expertise in operating Cosmos SDK chains. We participated in the launch of Cosmos Hub mainnet and more than 10 other networks. P2P participated in the Quicksilver testnets to get familiar with operation specifics and prepare for mainnet launch. Our team provides 24/7 technical support and maintenance using best security practices.</p><h1 id="about-quicksilver"><strong>About Quicksilver</strong></h1><p>Quicksilver is a liquid staking protocol that will bring liquidity to staked assets within Cosmos ecosystem. The team consists of former engineers from Chorus One. Quicksilver funding was received from investors like Strangelove Ventures, Interop Ventures, Iqlusion, Ki Foundation, Cerulean Ventures, and validators aligned with the ecosystem's values. More than 50% of QCK supply is expected to be airdropped to the users.</p><p>Learn more by visiting the<a href="https://quicksilver.zone/"> official website</a> and<a href="https://twitter.com/quicksilverzone"> Twitter</a>. If you are a developer, explore Quicksilver in more detail on<a href="https://discord.com/invite/xrSmYMDVrQ"> Discord</a>.</p><h1 id="about-p2p-validator"><strong>About P2P Validator</strong></h1><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices<a href="https://www.stakingrewards.com/savings/p2p-validator/"> AAA SR-rating</a> and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due diligence on digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than 750 million USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 35,000 delegators across 40+ networks. We have successfully participated in Quicksilver testnets willing to provide long-term strategic support to the project.</p>

Alex Bond

from p2p validator

P2P Raises Polkadot fee while continuing to invest in secure and data-driven staking

<p>P2P Validator has been supporting the Polkadot network since the very first era. Our <strong>refined products allow nominators</strong> to easily manage investments and receive a detailed report on their staking income.</p><p><strong><strong>We </strong>are <strong>invest</strong>ed<strong> in the development of the Polkadot network</strong> </strong>and believe in its long-term prospects.<strong> H</strong>owever, the market conditions force us to review the fee to be able to keep contributing to the network and the community. </p><h3 id="what-have-we-done">What have we done?</h3><p>For over eight months under a reduced fee, we <strong>did not stop the development activity</strong> in the Polkadot network. Here is a list of the <strong>most significant achievements</strong> that we have released for the Polkadot community:</p><ol><li><a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator_monitoring_bot">Monitoring-as-a-service telegram bot</a>. A bundle of Grafana dashboards and a telegram bot for Polkadot &amp; Kusama that allows the creation of a personalized dashboard to track consensus participation, block finalization efficiency and performance comparison with the network averages.</li><li>A new version of the <a href="https://github.com/p2p-org/polkadot-profit-transformer/tree/mbelt3/prod">Multi Blockchain ETL solution</a> with high-speed extraction and parachain support. We developed and supported the infrastructure for the MBELT, spending thousands of dollars every month. We believe that historical data is needed if we want to open up more widespread use cases: <br><strong>Parachains: </strong><br>- API<br>- Indexer <br><strong>DeFi:</strong><br>- Uncollateralized lending &amp; borrowing<br>- Credit scoring<br><strong>Community analytics: </strong><br>-Dashboards for performance tracking<br>-XCM messaging history<br>-Various kinds of analysis<br></li></ol><h3 id="plans-for-future-developments">Plans for future developments</h3><p>Product development inside the ecosystem is essential to support the Polkadot network and as a part of the community's long-term growth and network value.<br><br>Here is a brief list of planned releases:</p><ol><li>Slashing insurance coverage for institutional clients;</li><li>A new version of the Monitoring-as-a-service tool to track the finalization of blocks.<br></li></ol><h3 id="when-will-the-fee-be-increased">When will the fee be increased?</h3><p>We will increase the fee to 2.5% in Polkadot starting December 9, 2022. There is a lot of work ahead, and we believe that <strong>joint efforts will accelerate the evolution of the Polkadot ecosystem.</strong></p><p>We want to <strong>thank all our nominators</strong> for their continuous support and for staking with us! </p><hr><h2 id="about-p2p-validator"><strong>About P2P Validator</strong></h2><p><a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=economy&amp;utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider with the best industry practices and proven expertise. At the time of publishing, P2P Validator is trusted by over 30,000 delegators across 40+ networks.<br></p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

An inside look at P2P working culture

<p>Hi there!</p><p>My name is Anna, I have recently joined the P2P.org team as Senior Talent Acquisition. Maybe we've already met :)</p><p>Since blockchain and staking are new to me, I faced the challenge of having to dive deep into the cryptocurrency world.</p><p>Was I scared of doing it? Not at all :)</p><p>First of all, I have experience in changing industries as I'm sure most of you have also done without too much difficulty, but more importantly, I fell in love with the team.</p><p>Their professionalism, drive and support naturally fill you up and a few months later I can confidently say that the P2P.org team is a super-power. It’s not just the team that inspires you but also the tasks.</p><p>So let's talk about everything in order :)</p><p>I was first determined to learn more about the Product Manager role.</p><p>My main idea was to interview (You are surely shocked to hear about interviews from a recruiter) our internal employees, Product Managers mostly.</p><p>So I prepared a list of questions and booked some calls.</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/MenSarOh4iCrUEZD7v2uYYpMQ0RrioI_pCsYVli-gT6FfbOOJINK2prOEZ8iWeuJYQsAQoHs2dmfgv2OZgSnfmf0-TXkLbCx9a4W__myHyd627jfJ9S811jG3Ilrf4LqsUDh0bVRYeie080dAFFXmSzAsBhaAF3qNkIC7hFh_7o1-NZsyu2HsLbEKu16PA"> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>The first question was devoted to the market perspective.</p><p>Our team believes in the power of decentralised finance, a system that is supposed to be fair to everyone. It all seems like a dream, doesn’t it?</p><p>And despite recent events, the crypto market has not stopped its development, despite minor setbacks, it is still growing more and more.</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/F2c5PQVHiBAm6XZn8uZQ-s5FWvv2Psh69TQY6PRSXC5czh6up_NgsjZCDZVDWpF3tACEeLdYHP1VHYHQW8MHrV0OHKRedz7mv_YI3xUmlE4jmQQkh4kZDwE0HKWEOk3jv_1Nsd87ztOcMq7jbGa-hWwQfekGFQOvBgX03aALJk8l7feVMFcPzdB5pEJ-1Q"> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>The next question that made me curious was about the product itself and how we can describe it, in simple terms, to people outside the crypto community.</p><p>In general, all respondents mentioned that “staking is an analogue to a bank deposit”. The most intriguing fact here is that staking is a low-risk and secure product, so the client is only exposed to price fluctuations of the currency, but not staked funds.</p><p>Furthermore, our CPO was kind enough to expand my knowledge and tell me about the different products for each of our target audiences:</p><ol><li>We provide blockchain foundation teams with infrastructure and services for faster product development.</li><li>We provide investors with a single entry point to all blockchains.</li><li>We provide developers with access to blockchain data.</li></ol><p>Yep, we are that cool :)</p><p>And what is more, we have big plans in terms of our future development. Stay tuned :)</p><p>A vital aspect to mention is our success. What made our product successful?</p><p>Everyone (including me) highlights our team of amazing experts who are dedicated to the idea. At P2P.org creativity is encouraged, a positive atmosphere is fostered and high-quality standards of work are established. We do not hesitate to say that we have unique expertise in the market.</p><p>We are really open and we try to support all the members of the crypto community and help our customers (I also mean a consultant-based approach). </p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/wYUuCkMqjKZWOHqBXDO-5rRWY3ugGk75WLz7TmtGhbzXXCzs3KECGH5rE7btWEugzyv-0JD7K8nebbaTQQzMjBAXb4hsf9Yikt27hpIvCTmwmAezzjJb7ayIXQe1p9mbh9umKCYOClMNJbN1g4SQt5PgUb3qsUR1hqTCgrcAcqGFvhmVqSV7oFrePtdPmA"> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>The next question that logically follows from the previous one is "why do customers choose P2P.org?"</p><p>All of my colleagues agreed that P2P is a powerful brand with a good reputation, and over the years we have developed a good network. We try to provide the best conditions for our customers. We're also big tech geeks, with a keen interest in developing cool new tech, which further increases the confidence in our brand.</p><p>I found an expression that one of our product managers came up with extremely appropriate: he said that “we are the hipsters of the market” because of our openness and willingness to help :) We are notable in the community, including our founder - Konstantin Lomashuk. He was also mentioned a lot during my conversations with colleagues as the person whose vision they trust and I'm not surprised at all, I’ve listened to Konstatin’s story.</p><p>In particular, I would like to emphasise that the key value that P2P.org delivers to the market is our reliability.</p><p>We are participating in a new stage of development of web 3.0, and we believe that we can build a world with more accessible financial instruments.</p><p>P2P is ready to share its expertise, we definitely do an excellent job as a validator, we have become established validators in a lot of blockchain networks, so we have a broad outlook, and have accumulated a large set of knowledge and tools.</p><p>I know what you’re thinking now - WOW!</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/d8dzjXzU-UIR3UU6_-URFbysN580ifL0Dj4rOFOZsST9P-dR_DKIIVcnc0SW9g1KUmQOKwSTMmISyXQkRuvYU6jSxXi4TCAaRgBn5aIPjWfTN2IfA0Jhbrcn6TbPqcMeblNGDAQKYsLUY7lZHoDYLDHXKWQuP8YAMBMI4_JWTCZQ6q7SH0_a9KoQ9t-p6Q"> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>Let’s move on to the Product Manager (PM) role.</p><p>In our company PM is an extremely autonomous role. We see this kind of employee as the CEO of the product. However, as you might know from the famous saying: “With great power comes great responsibility” :)</p><p>There are very general KPIs a PM has to complete and there is the possibility to do it your own way. Our position is amazing for anybody that is tired of being constrained by bureaucratic procedures in corporations (usually), but instead wants to express themselves, experiment and find new ways to develop the product. On one hand, a PM is an entrepreneur, on the other, a PM can be considered an engineer (because there should be a technical background to understand the infrastructure).</p><p>Actually, the PM here is a superstar, the most “rock‘n’roll” position :)</p><p>So what is expected from the PM?</p><p>We’re looking for energetic doers, who can lead the team, we expect the PM to be the face of the company in the chosen ecosystem.</p><p>Sounds like a dream, doesn’t it?</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/H-k03pXy8TxoZkSr9z4opDubyChCuFUkH9voJ-cYREPMLEcjGzjf6EsOi6Seu23RQ0mhqTxdzDdRQfvzdLKKGHGgJnRDpm--ZVp7VPYE8zHqseKnsjuIhUh-eFHp2JqRIbdYmvKWWbQj38nn-X2PqrXLXQDaZqd1GdCMJE3Ze46gn0QHmCuYMoVRjZ5DYA"> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>It would be unfair on my part to only tell you about the good things and keep silent about the challenges we have to face.</p><p>One of the biggest obstacles you need to overcome is to understand what is happening in the industry, understand how the exact result turned out and then keep the information up-to-date (it takes a load of time).</p><p>At the same time, my colleagues also mentioned as a big task the process of going deep into blockchain (and more specifically in the chosen ecosystem, which can all be very different from each other) and building relationships with professionals and developers, when you are a new person in the market.</p><p>In addition, all blockchain networks vary from each other (as I hinted at before). Each of them has its own economy and technology, and every single time we are searching for a solution on how to perform successfully in each particular case.</p><p>Moreover, it is laborious to collect good-quality data on what generally happens in blockchains as there is no unified solution.</p><p>The difficulties mentioned above can result in a loss of focus so obviously, it’s tough to concentrate and sometimes there is a lack of time for self-development. </p><p>If we speak about the company in general, of course, we have had dramatically rapid growth and that’s why our main task, for now, is establishing processes.</p><p>As you see, we are working hard to address all the challenges :)</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/CJpeWxhGyPoVznOmzX2iYEIFBANJH1q_rUZttCaOK0ZLqc1wPWreNMhthKVIJNyixsjlcbyybw2mpBJ6qX3Ag-3e1fojZ9C_LNLN8IUjFPOT3AFF06Gr3B0JPnlkNHGiTln37voPtrlxxOQnfa8vxXSn-2beyPDAH_9X1TTlaJ3qIl9JzwuoYHQyiXjfdw"> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><p>My last question was “Why are you here?”. Such an intriguing question, many of the respondents smiled at that moment :)</p><p>Part of the answers are devoted to Konstantin. His drive and vision captures everyone! As a founder, he has an understandable value system, which is easy to live with, because it does not deceive people, both externally (customers) and internally (employees).</p><p>Undoubtedly, plenty of answers were about the idea of a prospective market and accessible financial instruments for people. Also, that crypto is an industry filled with innovations.</p><p>And finally, we’ve come to our superpower, our team :) Everyone (can you imagine?) emphasised that here at P2P, we have a team of experts, with their own unique approach and ownership culture. Together we gain experience and make dreams come true!</p><p>Evidently, at P2P, there are a lot of possibilities for self-realisation. </p><p>After all of the above, I can only say that there are even more victories and achievements ahead of us because we have the most important component of success. Yes, you’ve got it, it's our team.</p><p>I hope you enjoyed your time here with me :)</p><p>-Anna Sukhodolskaya</p><hr><h3 id="about-p2p"><strong>About P2P</strong></h3><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due diligence on digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, <strong><strong>more than 1,5 billion USD is staked with P2P Validator by over 25,000 delegators across 25+ networks.</strong></strong> </p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Near A look at the Top 5 most exciting events in Near history

<p>It has been a little over two years since Near's mainnet launched and a wave of web 3.0 mass adoption started. The network has achieved over 20M accounts, 200M transactions and 800 on-chain projects.</p><p>We at P2P have decided to look back at the history of Near and highlight the events that caused the highest on-chain activity. We analyzed the dynamics of the daily number of transactions and new accounts, gathered data on how many likes Near official Twitter account collected and present all of this on a chart. Through our analysis, we spotted 5 big spikes and examined the events that caused them.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/p-k8p0tT1bSupBucMyf6ycLmnE9LtwWx828km08s1AXwNARd4R6PHiOnKuksk2_lzmz5cTpxum9BZqmu8pOPMcDQAz1DZHf4_HZ9UtCPyHBHHerb1Y3_5mP1uKA9AvFSQtLd0TpPl-z9aUcVMp2laBR19SQTiq0AH8kL6GoHhTrWNqo-DOMrDn1sN-unLA" class="kg-image" alt="Near blockchain transactions" loading="lazy"></figure><h3 id="huge-funding-raisejanuary-10-to-16-2022">Huge Funding Raise -  January 10 to 16, 2022 </h3><p>On January 10, 2022, Forbes listed Near as the 3rd fastest-growing crypto ecosystem, based on the growth of the number of full-time developers from 2020 to 2021. This tweet became the most-liked in the history of @NEARprotocol (33.7k likes and 2.7k retweets). As of today, Near is still in the top 4 by weekly active developers.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/MTJRdrelmBd2WgA3SZU-viQejaVA4o1oCHg4DpkC5ZnNXynz9USvmvcTYUBypGiAuFgoUYf_5P4iq2S41v5aTt6dFVeP0fD1-hOCcJKofHG4qHIn49MVPXUI4Lv1mHk-Zn0ypYtwNCxfXBM5mgXxUUYjXECUj0ZniKDUrgJySzqWS4l9eJMlNsWSa6MbJg" class="kg-image" alt="The 10 Fastest-Growing Cruptoccurency Ecosystems" loading="lazy"></figure><p>Shortly after, Near raised $150 million, supported by crypto-native funds including Mechanism Capital, Dragonfly Capital, a16z, Jump, Zee Prime, FoliuBN s, Amber Group, 6th Man Ventures, Circle Ventures, and MetaWeb Ventures.</p><p>“With multichain interoperability of Rainbow Bridge, Aurora (EVM), Octopus (Substrate), and NEAR native’s Nightshade sharding technology, NEAR is best suited for empowering blockchain applications for mainstream adoption,” said Amos Zhang, founder of MetaWeb Ventures.</p><p>Taking into consideration that only $65.9M were previously raised, such a massive investment led to a surge in interest in Near and the second-largest spike in the number of transactions and accounts was registered (up to 1.8M transactions and 0.6M new accounts a day).</p><h3 id="nft-boom-and-near-crowdmarch-15-to-21-2022">NFT BOOM and NEAR Crowd - March 15 to 21, 2022</h3><p>From March 15 to March 21, the Near network reached over 1M transactions and 270k accounts. During this time the Network achieved over 4 million total accounts and was equipped with strong developer tools attracting more and more enthusiasts to build their project.</p><p>One such project was NEARApss - an NFT platform that provided a convenient way to create and share digital art. On 20th March it generated over 500k transactions but shortly after became inactive.</p><p>The second most popular dApp back then which generated over 39k transactions/day was NEAR Crowd. It is a service that allows people to earn NEAR by completing small tasks like describing an image, writing an article or transcribing short audio clips, which are usually aimed at training machine learning algorithms. To ensure tasks are completed properly, some people are paid to verify that tasks were completed accurately. To keep these workers vigilant, honeypots exist. Honeypots are tasks that are intentionally completed with mistakes.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image.png" class="kg-image" alt="NEAR crowd - complete tasks to earn NEAR" loading="lazy" width="1600" height="1151" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/11/image.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/image.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>For small tasks, the price varies from 0.1 to 1 NEAR while more significant tasks could pay up to 5 NEAR. Working 2-3h a day could generate a 400-800$ income per month.</p><h3 id="sweatcoinmay-1-to-6-2022">Sweatcoin - May 1 to 6, 2022</h3><p>In April 2022 Sweatcoin announced a partnership with Near. On May 4th Sweatcoin airdrop generated over 0.5M transactions which made the network exceed 1.2M daily transactions.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-2.png" class="kg-image" alt="Sweatcoin - earn SWEAT" loading="lazy" width="1600" height="829" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/11/image-2.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/image-2.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-2.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Sweatcoin is a free app that rewards users’ daily steps with a native token SWEAT. It’s the #1 app in over 60 countries and has 120M+ accounts.</p><p>Right now you can earn 1 SWEAT - which is around 0.02$ - for every 1 000 steps. However, tokens get increasingly more difficult to mint as time passes. This means that over time it will require increasingly more steps to gain SWEAT. It is also only possible to mint SWEAT for the first 5000 steps done each day, the subsequent 5000 will reward you with Sweatcoin - a token that can not be traded and is only used for rewards in the Sweatcoin shop.</p><h3 id="pizzamakeraugust-21-to-22-2022">Pizzamaker - August 21 to 22, 2022</h3><p>On August 22, we witnessed the largest spike in transactions in Near history. Over 2M transactions and more than 75% came from one account named “pizzamaker.near”.</p><p>No one knows for sure what was the real purpose behind those transactions. We analyzed the behaviour of this account and noticed that most of the transactions were related to Ref Finance and Jumbo, the biggest exchange platforms on Near. He was active from February 2022 and on average sends around 2k transactions per day. However, on August 20 and 21 this account made 1.2M and 1.6M transactions respectively and paid over $15k in fees. Taking everything into consideration,  we assume that this is an arbitrage bot that was misconfigured at that point in time.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-5.png" class="kg-image" alt="Near transactions by month 2022" loading="lazy" width="1600" height="693" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/11/image-5.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/image-5.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-5.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="nearconseptember-11-to-14-2022">Nearcon - September 11 to 14, 2022</h3><p>On September 11, the Near foundation held the incredible Nearcon event. It took place in Lisbon and had 3 giant stages and over 220 speakers. Big announcements were expected at this conference and it attracted more than 100k new users every day which fueled the network with more than 1M transactions per day.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-1.png" class="kg-image" alt="Nearcon 2022 in Lisbon" loading="lazy" width="1600" height="901" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/11/image-1.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/image-1.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-1.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Here’s a highlight of the most notable announcements:</p><p><strong>Nightshade Sharding Phase 1 launch</strong> - an important mechanism that helps scale the network and keep transaction fees low.</p><p><strong>Javascript SDK release</strong> - a collection of software development tools, that made it possible to write smart contracts in JavaScript, by far one of the most popular programming languages. The Near network and web3.0 apps became accessible to 12 million JS developers.</p><p><strong>USDT release</strong> - USDT is a popular stablecoin and it was announced to be launching on Near.</p><p><strong>NDC introduction</strong> - a community-driven initiative to empower ecosystem-wide decentralization through transparent governance, on-chain decision-making and treasury management.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-3.png" class="kg-image" alt="NEAR" loading="lazy" width="1600" height="806" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/11/image-3.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/image-3.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-3.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>For the past 2 years, Near has seen a lot of activity and growth. There’s still a lot more to come and at P2P we are excited to be part of this journey. </p><p>To support the community and celebrate NEAR, we are offering a 0% fee on Near staking until the end of 2022. Visit <a href="p2p.org/near">p2p.org/near</a> for more details. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-4.png" class="kg-image" alt="Near staking - 0% fee" loading="lazy" width="1600" height="901" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/11/image-4.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/image-4.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/11/image-4.png 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h3 id="about-p2p"><strong>About P2P</strong></h3><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due diligence on digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, <strong><strong>more than 1,5 billion USD is staked with P2P Validator by over 25,000 delegators across 25+ networks.</strong></strong> </p><p></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Chainlink Chainlink staking overview

<p>Staking will be a major breakthrough for Chainlink and the community from a number of different perspectives. Let us uncover how you put your LINK tokens to use and get rewards for helping Chainlink secure DeFi and the larger Web3 ecosystem.</p><h2 id="chainlink-recap"><strong>Chainlink recap</strong></h2><p>As you know, Chainlink is the industry standard oracle network that has enabled over $6.4 trillion in transaction value across Ethereum, Polygon, Solana, and 12 other blockchain networks, at the time of writing. They do so by providing highly available and accurate on-chain market data, for hundreds of data feeds. When you use a DeFi application on Ethereum, it is highly likely that it leverages Chainlink Data Feeds to get the latest token prices in order to execute a lending, swap, or any other smart contract.</p><p>The Chainlink Network achieves decentralization and security in two ways:</p><ul><li>A node operator uses multiple data APIs to get price updates, so that if one of them fails, the others still can provide accurate information;</li><li>Multiple node operators handle the same price feed, so that if a few of them fail to provide an accurate data update, the reported price can still be relied upon.</li></ul><p>The value in this approach to decentralization has been shown time and again during periods of extreme market volatility, when Chainlink’s multiple layers of decentralization and defence-in-depth design help mitigate the risk of market manipulation, oracle attacks, and other exploits.</p><p>P2P has been operating on Chainlink for the last two years and <strong>supports </strong>price feeds and <strong>automation </strong>for Ethereum, Solana, Moonriver, Fantom, Harmony, and Avalanche.</p><h2 id="why-implement-staking-now"><strong>Why implement staking now?</strong></h2><p>As the total value secured by Chainlink oracle networks grows, the reward for a hypothetical attack increases, hence a need for increased cryptoeconomic security that maximizes the cost of attack for malicious actors. As of now, the node operators are sufficiently decentralized and perform well enough so that further improvements in this area only provide marginal gains. Staking however, can drive way more significant security improvements via new incentives for the node operators and token holders.</p><h3 id="how-staking-is-going-to-work">How staking is going to work</h3><p>Node operators and the broader Chainlink community will be able to stake their LINK via node operators and get rewards for helping enhance the cryptoeconomic security of the network. ‌‌‌‌Providing accurate and timely feed updates is necessary for the node operators to actually receive those rewards and in order to enforce the best data quality.</p><p>In the early-stage beta implementation of Chainlink Staking, v0.1, stakers will have the opportunity to monitor the feed, raise an alert, and get rewarded if they successfully detect in a timely manner that the ETH/USD feed has not met certain performance requirements. In v0.1, alerting conditions will be focused on feed uptime but will expand in scope in later versions.</p><p>The Chainlink Staking design is quite complex, so its elements are going to be brought forward step by step.</p><h2 id="who-can-stake-during-early-access"><strong>Who can stake during Early Access</strong></h2><p>According to a Chainlink <a href="https://blog.chain.link/chainlink-staking-early-access-eligibility-app/">blog</a> post, there are 3 criteria for participating in the Chainlink Staking v0.1 Early Access which will launch on mainnet in December 2022:</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="132"><col width="700"></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Criteria</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Details</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Hodler</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Token holders who fall into either category:</span></p><ol style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:decimal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" role="presentation"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Held more than 7 LINK on the Ethereum Mainnet for at least 50% of the time between May 30, 2019 and June 7, 2022.</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:decimal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;" aria-level="1"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" role="presentation"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Held more than 7 LINK on the Ethereum Mainnet for at least 90% of the time between August 5, 2021 and June 7, 2022.</span></p></li></ol></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Builder</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Participating teams in any Chainlink-hosted hackathon from Fall 2020 to Spring 2022.&nbsp;</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Educator</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Chainlink Advocates, Developer Experts, and others who have demonstrably hosted or spoken at Chainlink meetups about the Chainlink Network or Chainlink Ecosystem.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><!--kg-card-end: html--><p></p><p>You can use the <a href="https://staking.chain.link/">Early Access Eligibility App</a> to check their eligibility for potential priority access staking in Staking v0.1.</p><h2 id="roadmap"><strong>Roadmap</strong></h2><p>As we discussed previously. The primary goal of Chainlink is to increase the security behind the infrastructure that supports DeFi. As outlined in a<a href="https://blog.chain.link/chainlink-staking-roadmap/"> blog</a> post, Chainlink Staking is being designed with four long-term goals in mind:</p><ol><li>Increase the security and user assurances of Chainlink oracle services;</li><li>Enable a more direct community participation in the Chainlink Network and its security;</li><li>Generate sustainable rewards from real use cases;</li><li>Empower node operators to access higher-value jobs by staking.</li></ol><p>Like previous Chainlink updates the implementation of LINK staking is being done gradually. While the initial focus will be on building a reputation framework and staker alerting system, the second stage will look to implement slashing to further boost security and user fees as rewards. Last but not least, loss protection is being studied to help protect participants when an oracle network deviates from its service-level agreement.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/9L51EIVEys0m61Qv2piTcYCpMmVA4bhUvVnQYbSzw7TyHNLGn_vZ7qP4vJQ4IzBFnRTR0R-3peKdmNwAfYhNsvSzaaxl1xZOPK9g40jOjIbBK6qW6-LMXJh_E0y9-FqnDr2bGZkeV0Kph_4cwpeYXXVVvH36thLJJ5cDdHadX0sSvhaZjMh8Miecxw" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"></figure><p>The first version of staking is expected to go live by the end of 2022. Stay tuned!</p><h2 id="whats-next"><strong>What's next</strong></h2><p>At P2P, we are watching closely as LINK staking gets close to launch, and will post updates on this topic here in the blog as soon as more details are found. We are also exploring what kind of tools we can bring forward to help the community. So watch this space, much more to come in the near future!</p><p><a href="https://staking.chain.link/">Check your eligibility for Early Access to Chainlink Staking v0.1</a>. </p><p>Contacts us if you are interested in staking LINK:</p><p>Email : <a href="mailto:[email protected]" rel="noopener noreferrer">[email protected]</a></p><p>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking">P2Pstaking</a></p><p>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/P2Pvalidator">@P2Pvalidator</a></p><hr><h3 id="about-p2p"><strong><strong><strong>About P2P</strong></strong></strong></h3><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due diligence on digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, <strong><strong>more than 1,5 billion USD is staked with P2P Validator by over 25,000 delegators across 25+ networks.</strong></strong> </p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Lido on Solana upgrade announcement and timeline

<p>We are happy to announce the upgrade of the Lido on Solana program from December,6 to December, 8.</p><p>This upgrade focuses on validators in order to enable a more healthy validator economy: allowing operators to use their existing public Solana nodes with a commission of not more than 5%.</p><p>The proposal has successfully gone through <a href="https://snapshot.org/#/lido-snapshot.eth/proposal/0x5844beba37131b3621c5c96621603db7cb7e2771d1c690dc6869ebd117e12abb">Lido DAO voting</a> , and the program code was <a href="https://reports.neodyme.io/reports/lido_v2_report/">audited</a> by <a href="https://neodyme.io/">Neodyme</a>.</p><h2 id="why">Why</h2><p>The reasoning and other details on this update are described in this <a href="https://research.lido.fi/t/lido-on-solana-protocol-upgrade-proposal/2959">forum post</a>. This update is mainly aimed at changes in how the contract work with validators, these are the main points:</p><ul><li>Validators will not need to set withdraw authority to Lido anymore and they will receive block rewards and staking rewards in SOL (instead of stSOL) to their accounts directly.</li><li>There is no need for 100% commission nodes, so node operators can use their public node in the Lido set or make their existing Lido node public.</li><li>Set the maximum node commission to 5% to be eligible to receive a delegation from Lido on Solana.</li></ul><p>As per our<a href="https://p2p.org/economy/lido-on-solana-validator-set-vision/"> vision of a decentralized validator set</a>, we look to enable a more healthy validator economy where new and existing validators can look to participate. Our goal is to create a sustainable, high-performance validator set for Solana.</p><h2 id="rewards-distribution-model-change">Rewards distribution model change</h2><p>As an expected result of the changes above, the staking rewards distribution model will change slightly.</p><ul><li>In the current version of the smart contract, all the rewards are distributed simultaneously and precisely between node operators (5%), the DAO treasury (4%), the developers (1%), and the stakers (90%).</li><li>After the update, the 5% (max, it can be set lower) goes to the node operator, then from the remainder, the DAO treasury (4%) and the developer (1%) fees are subtracted. The remaining share goes to the stakers.</li></ul><p>As a result, the share of the treasury and the developer decreased slightly, the validator’s share remains the same, and the staker’s part (APY) increases slightly.</p><h2 id="update-timeline">Update timeline</h2><p>All these changes were published as proposals (<a href="https://research.lido.fi/t/lido-on-solana-protocol-upgrade-proposal/2959">main contract changes</a> and <a href="https://research.lido.fi/t/lido-on-solana-maximum-validator-commission-proposal/2979">max commission setting</a>) on the Lido research forum. We also launched a <a href="https://snapshot.org/#/lido-snapshot.eth/proposal/0x5844beba37131b3621c5c96621603db7cb7e2771d1c690dc6869ebd117e12abb">DAO voting</a> concerning these changes, which ended successfully on the 25th of October.</p><p>We divided the update process into 3 main phases: preparation, program update, and post-deployment phases.</p><h2 id="preparation-phase">Preparation phase</h2><p><strong>Duration:</strong> 1 epoch;<br><strong>Impact:</strong> none;</p><p>During this phase, we will deactivate all the validators. This will be achieved by creating a special transaction and having multisig owners sign it. Validators will be deactivated at the start of the next epoch.</p><p>We plan to execute this transaction at the end of the epoch, so for most of the epoch, everything will work as expected.</p><h2 id="program-update-phase">Program update phase</h2><p><strong>Duration</strong>: 1 epoch;<br><strong>Impact:</strong> Unstake commands can’t be performed, validators are not voting, and not getting any rewards.</p><p>During this phase, all the stake is stored in Lido on Solana reserve account, and all the validators are deactivated and not voting. During this phase users still can stake their SOL and get stSOL, but obviously can not unstake. They can operate their stSOL in DeFI apps without any issues though.</p><p>In this epoch, we will update the program and bring it to life by creating a special transaction. Multisig owners will check and sign it. The updated program will start working on the next epoch.</p><p>During this epoch, validators are to configure their nodes to participate in the Lido pool with new requirements (public node, ≤5% commission). At the end of this phase, we create another transaction that will add the validators to the Lido on Solana pool on the next epoch.</p><p>Maintainer bots also have to update their program and restart in this phase too.</p><h2 id="post-deployment-phase">Post-deployment phase  </h2><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><p><strong>Duration:</strong> 2-4 hours<br> <strong>Impact:</strong> none</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>In this phase, everything starts working as intended. We will check if the validators’ nodes work correctly, vote, and get rewards. We also going to run the final tests and make sure that all the partners work correctly with our updated CLI, staking and unstacking operations can be performed.</p><p>After this phase, the update concludes.</p><h1 id="summary">Summary</h1><p>As an expected result of the program update process, we are losing rewards for one epoch, and users can’t perform unstake operations during the program update phase.</p><p>This will result in an insignificant APY decrease, but we consider this a reasonable loss and hope to compensate for it with a better-performing validator pool and small changes in the rewards distribution model, as described in the DAO voting proposal.</p><h1 id="documentation-and-guides">Documentation and guides</h1><ul><li>Research forum proposals: <a href="https://research.lido.fi/t/lido-on-solana-protocol-upgrade-proposal/2959">1</a>,<a href="https://research.lido.fi/t/lido-on-solana-maximum-validator-commission-proposal/2979">2</a></li><li><a href="https://snapshot.org/#/lido-snapshot.eth/proposal/0x5844beba37131b3621c5c96621603db7cb7e2771d1c690dc6869ebd117e12abb">LIDO DAO Voting</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.solana.lido.fi/frontend-integration/manual-instructions/">Migration guide for external integrations</a></li></ul>

P2P Validator

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Aptos P2P Joins Aptos as a node operator

<p>There are multiple blockchain based platforms with different value propositions and smart-contract functionalities. In order to scale, most layer one blockchains need a second layers that break composability and increase developer complexity. Aptos focuses on safety and user experience aiming to achieve mass adoption at scale within a single layer. The team behind it came from the Libra Blockchain with more than three years of research and development experience on their hands.</p><p>Aptos utilizes Move, a programming language developed specifically to tackle security issues. A formal verification tool will help decrease the probability of smart contract bugs. Offering access control, Move ensures that only public module functions may be accessed by other modules. Modules in Move may either be a library or a program that can create, store, or transfer assets.</p><p>Aptos ecosystem should become a friendly environment for developers that prioritize user experience. With existing safety properties it can become a convenient place to build decentralized and secure applications.</p><p>With that in mind, <em>P2P is thrilled to become Aptos partner and participate in the mainnet launch to make the network secure from the very beginning. Aptos value proposition is fully in line with our mission of making crypto secure simple and accessible to everyone.</em></p><p>Our team has deep expertise in operating highly-available infrastructure. We utilize first-class security practices, custom monitoring and alerting systems to ensure a high level of efficiency from our nodes. P2P provides 24/7 technical support, transparent reward reporting and our support team is always ready to help.</p><p>If you have at least 1 million APT and want to launch your own whitelabel node for Aptos, feel free to contact us on <a href="https://p2p.org/networks/aptos">p2p.org/networks/aptos</a> to benefit from our special offer.</p><h3 id="about-aptos"><strong>About Aptos</strong></h3><p>Aptos is a secure and scalable blockchain platform that aims to open access to decentralized assets for billions of people around the world. The team consists of the original creators, researchers, designers, and builders of Diem having 3+ years of research and development in this field. Aptos raised ~$350M from Andreessen Horowitz, Multicoin Capital, Circle Ventures, FTX Ventures, Jump Crypto and other notable VCs to grow the ecosystem at lightning speed.</p><p>Learn more by visiting<a href="https://web3auth.io/"> </a><a href="https://aptoslabs.com/">official website</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/AptosLabs"> Twitter</a>. If you are a dApp developer, start<a href="https://aptos.dev/"> here</a> and join the discussion on<a href="https://discord.com/invite/aptoslabs"> Discord</a>.</p><h3 id="about-p2p"><strong>About P2P</strong></h3><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security  practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence  of digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, <strong>more than 1,5 billion of USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 25,000 delegators across 25+ networks.</strong> We have successfully participated in AIT3 and joined Aptos as a partner. P2P is committed to the long term success of the Aptos.</p>

P2P Validator

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Solana How to stake Solana (SOL)?

<!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><p>Table of Contents</p> <ul> <li><a href="#T1"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What is Solana (SOL) Staking? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T2"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Why Stake Solana (SOL) with P2P? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T3"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards &amp; Fees<br> </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T4"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana (SOL) Warm-up &amp; Reward Distribution Frequency </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T5"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana (SOL) Undelegation Period </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T6"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Partially Delegating and Undelegating Solana (SOL) with Solflare </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T7"><span style=" font-size:16px"> How to Track my Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards<br> </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T8"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Monitoring Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards Using Solflare Wallet </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T9"><span style=" font-size:16px"> How Do I Claim Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T10"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana Liquid staking </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T11"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solflare + Ledger Solana (SOL) Staking Guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T12"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solflare Solana (SOL) Staking Guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T13"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Phantom Solana (SOL) Staking Guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T14"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana (SOL) Staking FAQ </span></a></li> </ul> <h2 id="what-is-solana-sol-staking-a-namet1a">What is Solana (SOL) Staking? <a name="T1"></a></h2> <p>When staking Solana (SOL) you are supporting the network with the additional benefit of compounding your SOL!</p> <p>Staking SOL is the process of holding SOL &quot;stake&quot; to partake and support the operations in the Solana network to receive rewards. In order to be a &quot;Validator&quot; and participate in these operations, one is required to maintain a server running continuously, technological knowhow, experience, and have a significant self-bond (surety bond).<br> This is where P2P Validator comes in, we allow SOL token holders to forget about all the heavy lifting i.e maintenance, surety bonds etc. by &quot;delegating&quot; their holdings to P2P to receive these rewards. We accumulate users' stake and act as a major validation node, receiving and allocating staking rewards between our users pro rata to the delegation.</p> <p>Users that chose to stake with P2P maintain full custody of their SOL at all times and P2P will never have access to them.</p> <h2 id="why-stake-solana-sol-with-p2p-a-namet2a">Why Stake Solana (SOL) with P2P? <a name="T2"></a></h2> <p>P2P is a leading Solana validator with more than 4 million in staked SOL, the highest network reliability &amp; low staking fees. We monitor and maintain Solana nodes to ensure maximum efficiency for SOL stakers.</p> <p>As we are SOL seed investors, it is very important to define the best means of network management and development. Our technical team has been involved in all of the Tour de Sol dry runs with the highest efficiency and has participated in all of TdS and SLP. We are a major player in all networks we support because of our experience, commitments and our reputation. We pay special attention to the process of governance. Our aim is to provide a secure and reliable service at the lowest cost maximising rewards for our delegators.</p> <h3 id="so-why-stake-sol-with-p2p">So why stake SOL with P2P?</h3> <ul> <li>High performance: low skip rate, high uptime</li> <li>Own Skin in the game with 2M+ SOL</li> <li>Secure, non-custodial staking</li> <li>Solana seed investors and contributors.</li> <li>Experienced DevOps’s team (Working with Solana from 2019)</li> <li>Ecosystem contributors (Solana Wormhole Hackaton winners)</li> <li>24/7 monitoring of machine and protocol metrics</li> </ul> <p>P2P Validator provides additional benefits for Stakers with more than 100k SOL, making it the best place for large investors. Get in touch with us here to learn more about how we can address your staking needs.</p> <h2 id="solana-sol-staking-rewards-fees-a-namet3a">Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards &amp; Fees <a name="T3"></a></h2> <p>You will be earning an estimated 7% APR when staking Solana (SOL) with P2P.</p> <p>In order to run the staking infrastructure, we charge a 7% fee on your rewards. The rewards after taking the fee into consideration will therefore be 6.51%.</p> <p>Example:</p> <p>I delegate 1000 SOL to P2P</p> <p>Reward: 10007% = 70 SOL<br> Fee = 707% = 4.9 SOL</p> <p>Estimated balance after 1 year = 1000+70-4.9 = 1065.1 SOL</p> <p>Please keep in mind that the APR specified is approximate and changes along with network conditions.</p> <h2 id="solana-sol-warm-up-reward-distribution-frequency-a-namet4a">Solana (SOL) Warm-up &amp; Reward Distribution Frequency <a name="T4"></a></h2> <p>One epoch in the SOL network lasts approximately 2-3 days.</p> <p>You will start earning rewards once your delegation goes from activating to effective, which takes one full epoch. You will then receive your rewards in the following epoch.</p> <p>Lets assume you select to delegate your SOL in epoch E1:</p> <p>E1: Your SOL is activating (up to approx. 2-3 days)<br> E2: Your SOL is effective (approx. 2-3 days)<br> E3: Receive your rewards for epoch E2</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/1-2.png" alt="Reward frequency"> </p> <p>Once your SOL stake is active, you will receive rewards every epoch. Rewards will automatically be added and compounded to your staked balance.</p> <h2 id="solana-sol-undelegation-period-a-namet5a">Solana (SOL) Undelegation Period <a name="T5"></a></h2> <p>One epoch in the SOL network lasts around 2-3 days.</p> <p>It takes one full epoch to deactivate your SOL delegation - once finished you will be able to withdraw it. This will include your original stake and any rewards you earned.</p> <p>Lets assume you select to undelegate your SOL in epoch E1:</p> <p>E1: Will start deactivating your Stake.<br> E2: Stake is undelegated and is available to withdaw.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/2-2.png" alt="Undelegation Period"> </p> <h2 id="partially-delegating-and-undelegating-solana-sol-with-solflare-a-namet6a">Partially Delegating and Undelegating Solana (SOL) with Solflare <a name="T6"></a></h2> <h3 id="main-authority-and-staking-accounts">Main Authority and Staking accounts</h3> <p>In Solflare you have a main authority address where you can transfer SOL to and from your staking account(s).</p> <p>Main authority account can be found on your &quot;Portfolio page&quot;.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image1.png" alt="Main Authority account"> </p> <p>You cannot transfer SOL directly from one staking account to another without first going through your main authority address. Staking accounts are used in order to delegate your SOL to validators.</p> <p>Staking accounts can be found on your &quot;Staking page&quot;. In the image below you can see that I have created three staking accounts. Two are activating (meaning my delegation transaction has been confirmed buy my stake is in the warming up period), and one is inactive (not staking).</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image7.png" alt="Staking accounts"> </p> <p>Only the full amount in a staking account can be delegated or undelegated. IE within one staking account, you will not be able to input a specific amount to partially delegate or undelegate. Furthermore, delegating and undelegating have warm-up and cool-down periods respectively. For these two reasons, it is important to understand the options available to partially undelegate your SOL with staking accounts to avoid waiting.</p> <p>For example if you have 100 SOL being delegated in a staking account and you want to undelegate and withdraw 50 SOL, it would be a waste of time to undelegate 100 SOL and wait for the cool down, withdraw 50 SOL out of your account, and then delegate 50 SOL again and wait for the warm-up. During the warm-up period you will not be earning rewards.</p> <p>Fortunately, Solflare has created the option to split a staking account, which provides a solution to partially delegate or undelegate your SOL without wasting time and rewards.</p> <h3 id="splitting-accounts">Splitting accounts</h3> <p>You can only delegate or undelegate the full amount - as opposed to a partial amount - in a staking account. To delegate or undelegate a partial amount you have the option to &quot;split&quot; your staking account. This will take a staking account and it will split it into two seperate ones, with the new account being transferred the split amount of SOL. Both accounts will keep the same status as it had before (delegating, activating, or inactive).</p> <ol> <li>To find the split function, first select your account and then &quot;SPLIT&quot;.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image24.png" alt="Split Solflare account"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>Input the amount that you would like to move out of your staking account into the new one.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image10.png" alt="Split amount"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li> <p>Confirm the transaction.</p> </li> <li> <p>Once your new staking account has been created with the split amount, you can undelegate or delegate the SOL there.</p> </li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image13.png" alt="Delegate/Undelegate SOL"> </p> <p>You will then have to wait the cooldown period before your funds are available to withdraw.</p> <h2 id="how-to-track-my-solana-sol-staking-rewards-a-namet7a">How to Track my Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards <a name="T7"></a></h2> <p>To track your rewards you can use the Solana beach explorer. This explorer allows you to track any transactions made on any address on the Solana blockchain.</p> <p>Note that some wallets, like Solflare, have a table of your staking rewards integrated in their wallet already (more info here). However, this guide will allow anyone to be able to track their SOL rewards regardless of which wallet provider they use and which validator they selected to stake with.</p> <h3 id="track-your-rewards">Track your rewards</h3> <p>First you will need to find your staking accounts address to input into the Solana beach explorer. It will be a series of 44 characters and numbers.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image8.png" alt="Solana beach"> </p> <p>Once you have searched for your staking accounts address, scroll down and select &quot;Stake Rewards&quot;. Here you will be provided a table with your rewards for each epoch.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image2.png" alt="Stake rewards"> </p> <p>That's it! Remember that if you have any questions along the way or would like to share some feedback, please dont hesitate to contact us as we will be more than happy to help.</p> <h2 id="monitoring-solana-sol-staking-rewards-using-solflare-wallet-a-namet8a">Monitoring Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards Using Solflare Wallet <a name="T8"></a></h2> <p>You can track the staking rewards on your Solflare staking account. In order to do so, simply go to the staking page on Solflare and select the staking account address you are interested in.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image18.png" alt="Stake Solflare"> </p> <p>Details will appear, showing your reward payouts for each epoch that you were actively delegating.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image17.png" alt="Reward payouts"> </p> <p>For all past epochs, you will be able to view:</p> <ul> <li>Epoch</li> <li>Amount of rewards earned</li> <li>Balance update</li> <li>APR</li> <li>Commission charged</li> <li>Date the reward was received</li> </ul> <h2 id="how-do-i-claim-solana-sol-staking-rewards-a-namet9a">How Do I Claim Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards? <a name="T9"></a></h2> <p>One epoch in Solana lasts approximately 2-3 days.</p> <p>With your effective staked SOL, you will receive rewards every 2-3 days and it will automatically be added and compounded to your staked amount.</p> <p>If you want to withdraw your rewards, you will have to first undelegate your stake.</p> <h2 id="solana-liquid-staking-a-namet10a">Solana Liquid staking <a name="T10"></a></h2> <p>The pillar of P2P's core principals has since the beginning been decentralization. We believe that cryptocurrencies and the whole emerging industry surrounding it was built upon this.</p> <p>We believe in the benefits and the work being done on liquid staking solutions for this emerging industry and this is why we are proud to be not only one of the validators for LIDO's liquid Solana staking but also in charge of it's development.</p> <p>Liquid staking is a great way to build and develop new opportunities for the cryptocurrency industry to grow on both the staking and DeFI sectors.</p> <h2 id="solflare-ledger-solana-sol-staking-guide-a-namet11a">Solflare + Ledger Solana (SOL) Staking Guide <a name="T11"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Qc__wcHApIg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="solflare-solana-sol-staking-guide-a-namet12a">Solflare Solana (SOL) Staking Guide <a name="T12"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bJzPfYAIiNk" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><p>Before starting you will have to own some SOL - you can purchase it on multiple <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/rankings/exchanges/">cryptocurrency exchanges</a>.</p> <h3 id="create-solflare-wallet">Create Solflare wallet</h3> <ol> <li>To create a wallet select &quot;Access&quot; on the Solflare page.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image30.png" alt="Solflare"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>Then select &quot;Create a new wallet&quot;.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image3.png" alt="Create new wallet"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li>Create a password that you will use to enter your wallet and to submit transactions. Select &quot;Next&quot; to proceed.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image19.png" alt="Create password"> </p> <ol start="4"> <li>Save your Mnemonic phrase somewhere secure! You will need this to recover your account to enter it from a new device or even from a new account on a browser, or potentially after a browser upgrade. If you lose it, you will lose access to your funds! Do not share this Mnemonic phrase with anyone, anyone who has access to it will have access to your funds!</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image6.png" alt="Save Mnemonic phrase"> </p> <ol start="5"> <li>Verify your Mnemonic phrase by typing it back in. Once completed, select &quot;Verify&quot;.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image4.png" alt="Verify Mnemonic phrase"> </p> <ol start="6"> <li>That's it your wallet has been created! After successfully completing the steps above, you will find yourself in the main menu of Solflare where you will find information about your wallet account address.</li> </ol> <h3 id="transfer-sol-to-your-wallet">Transfer SOL to your wallet</h3> <ol> <li>To find your receiving address select &quot;Receive&quot;.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image12.png" alt="Receive Address"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>A pop up window will appear with your Solflare main authority address, and alternatively a QR code. Use this receiving address to send your SOL to your Solflare wallet.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image35.png" alt="Receive SOL"> </p> <p>Once you have transferred funds into your main authority wallet, you are now ready to start Staking!</p> <h3 id="staking-solana">Staking Solana</h3> <ol> <li>To start staking, you must first go to the staking section of the wallet by selecting &quot;Staking&quot; on the top of the page. You will then be given three options, Liquid SOL Staking, Native SOL Staking, and SLRS Staking. Select &quot;Native SOL Staking&quot;. You can find more information about Liquid SOL Staking on Lido's SOL Page. Lastly select &quot;Start Staking&quot;.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image37.png" alt="Staking SOL"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>A pop up window will appear. Input the amount you wish to stake and the validator you wish to stake with. Leave some SOL in your wallet to pay for transaction fees. Since they are very low at Solana, only a small amount is required.</li> </ol> <p>To find P2P Validator type it in the search bar. Select &quot;Stake&quot; to proceed.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image29.png" alt="Select P2P Validator"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li>You will then be prompted to enter your password one last time for security reasons.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image33.png" alt="Enter password"> </p> <ol start="4"> <li>Once your delegation transaction has been confirmed, you will see that your stake is activating. For more information on when you will start receiving rewards please refer to our SOL Warm-Up article.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image21.png" alt="Confirm delegation"> </p> <p>That's it! You are now delegating your SOL to P2P Validator. Note that your SOL are still fully in your custody, but you are delegating them to P2P to help us partake in network activities and you will be rewarded for your contribution!</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="phantom-solana-sol-staking-guide-a-namet13a">Phantom Solana (SOL) Staking Guide <a name="T13"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TXZF78L-wPg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><p>Before starting you will have to own some SOL - you can purchase it on multiple <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/rankings/exchanges/">cryptocurrency exchanges</a>.</p> <h3 id="create-phantom-wallet-and-transfer-sol-to-it">Create Phantom Wallet and transfer SOL to it.</h3> <ol> <li>To start, you will want to download the Phantom extension on their <a href="https://phantom.app/">page</a>.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image28.png" alt="Download phantom wallet"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>If the wallet page does not open up automatically after downloaded, you should select Phantom in your list of extensions. If you are using Google chrome, you can find your extension in the top right of the page.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image9.png" alt="Phantom wallet extension"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li>To create a wallet select &quot;Create New Wallet&quot;</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image31.png" alt="Create new Phantom wallet"> </p> <ol start="4"> <li>You will first be asked to save your Secrete Recovery Phrase. Save it somewhere secure! You will need this to recover your account to enter it from a new device or even from a new account on a browser, or potentially after a browser upgrade. If you lose it, you will lose access to your funds! Do not share this Secret Recovery Phrase with anyone, anyone who has access to it will have access to your funds!</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image27.png" alt="Save Secret Recovery Phrase"> </p> <ol start="5"> <li>Create a password that you will use to enter your wallet when you are logging in from the same device. Select &quot;Save&quot; to proceed.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image25.png" alt="Create a password for Phantom Wallet"> </p> <ol start="6"> <li>Once you have saved your password and proceeded to the next stages, you will have successfully created your wallet!</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image32.png" alt="Successfully create phantom wallet"> </p> <p>7.You will then want to transfer your SOL into your Phantom wallet where you will have fully custody of your SOL. To find your receiving address select &quot;Receive&quot;.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image5.png" alt="Receive SOL"> </p> <ol start="8"> <li>To find you wallet address select &quot;Send from wallet / Exchange&quot; or alternatively you can Deposit SOL straight from FTX.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image14.png" alt="Find Phantom Wallet Address"> </p> <ol start="9"> <li>Phantom will provide you with a QR code as well as a button to copy your wallet address. You can use this receiving address to send your SOL to your Phantom wallet.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image20.png" alt="Receive SOL on Phantom"> </p> <p>Once you have transferred funds into you main authority wallet, you are now ready to start Staking!</p> <h3 id="staking-solana">Staking Solana</h3> <ol> <li>To start start staking go back to the main page of your wallet and select Solana.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image22.png" alt="Start Staking SOL on Phantom Wallet"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>Select &quot;Start earning SOL&quot;.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image26.png" alt="Start Earning SOL"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li>To find P2P Validator type it in the search bar. Select it to proceed.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image36.png" alt="Find P2P Validator"> </p> <ol start="4"> <li>Enter the amount you wish to stake and select &quot;Stake&quot; to send out the delegation transaction.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image23.png" alt="Enter SOL Staking Amount"> </p> <ol start="5"> <li>Phantom will create a separate staking account for your stake and then will delegate it to P2P Validator.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image15.png" alt="Staking Account"> </p> <ol start="6"> <li>Once you see this message, your delegation transaction has now successfully been sent out!</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image38.png" alt="SOL Staked"> </p> <ol start="7"> <li>You will see that your stake is activating. For more information on when you will start receiving rewards please refer to our SOL Warm-Up article.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image11.png" alt="SOL Stake Activating"> </p> <p>That's it! You are now delegating your SOL to P2P Validator. Note that your SOL are still fully in your custody, but you are delegating them to P2P to help us partake in network activities and you will be rewarded for your contribution!</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="solana-sol-staking-faq-a-namet14a">Solana (SOL) Staking FAQ <a name="T14"></a></h2> <h3 id="what-is-solana">What is Solana?</h3> <p>Solana is a high-performance permissionless blockchain solving scalability issues without sharding and suitable for decentralized applications requiring high throughput.</p> <h3 id="what-is-the-solana-staking-apr">What is the Solana staking APR?</h3> <p>The Solana staking reward is approximately 7%. More info here.</p> <h3 id="how-often-are-staking-rewards-distributed">How often are staking rewards distributed?</h3> <p>Solana staking rewards are paid out to stakers approximately every epoch (2-3 days). More info here.</p> <h3 id="is-there-an-unstaking-period">Is there an unstaking period?</h3> <p>It can take up to 3 days for your SOL tokens to be transferable. More info here.</p> <h3 id="is-there-a-slashing-risk-for-validators">Is there a slashing risk for validators?</h3> <p>There is currently no slashing risk for Solana validators.</p> <h3 id="is-there-a-minimum-staking-amount-for-solana">Is there a minimum staking amount for Solana?</h3> <p>There is no minimum staking amount for SOL stakers.</p> <h3 id="do-staking-rewards-compound">Do staking rewards compound?</h3> <p>Yes, Solana staking rewards are compounded automatically.</p> <h3 id="what-is-the-solana-inflation-rate">What is the Solana inflation rate?</h3> <p>The Solana network inflation rate is approximately 8% per year.</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown-->

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Axelar Axelar (AXL) Staking Guide

<p>This tutorial helps you stake and manage AXL tokens on the Axelar network, using the <a href="https://keplr.app/">Keplr</a> Wallet.</p><p>You must also have the native AXL token on the Axelar network. If you have an ERC-20 version of the token follow this <a href="https://axelar.network/blog/how-to-convert-erc-20-axl-to-native-axl">guide</a> to bridge your tokens.</p><h3 id="i-setting-up-your-keplr-wallet">I. Setting up your Keplr Wallet</h3><ol><li>Open the Keplr Browser Extension (available for <a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/keplr/dmkamcknogkgcdfhhbddcghachkejeap">Chrome and Brave</a>) and press ‘Import Ledger’.</li></ol><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image.png" class="kg-image" alt="Create or sign in to Keplr Wallet" loading="lazy" width="384" height="455"></figure><p>2. Give the account a name, then click ‘Next’.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image-1.png" class="kg-image" alt="Keplr Account name" loading="lazy" width="384" height="455"></figure><p>3.  Select the Axelar network from the dropdown list.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image-3.png" class="kg-image" alt="Select the Axelar network" loading="lazy" width="351" height="363"></figure><h3 id="ii-staking-axl-on-the-axelar-blockchain">II. Staking AXL on the Axelar blockchain</h3><ol><li>Open the Keplr Browser Extension or go to the Keplr <a href="https://wallet.keplr.app/chains/axelar">dashboard</a> and choose the Axelar network. </li></ol><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/1-3.png" class="kg-image" alt="Keplr Dashboard" loading="lazy" width="242" height="860"></figure><p>2. Click on "Stake" in the Available Balance box.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image-16.png" class="kg-image" alt="Stake AXL" loading="lazy" width="279" height="140"></figure><p>3. Choose P2P validator from the list of available Validators.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image-13.png" class="kg-image" alt="Select P2P Validator" loading="lazy" width="1165" height="224" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/09/image-13.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2022/09/image-13.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image-13.png 1165w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>4. Enter the amount of AXL you want to stake and press "Delegate".</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image-14.png" class="kg-image" alt="Enter AXL amount" loading="lazy" width="679" height="667" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2022/09/image-14.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image-14.png 679w"></figure><p>5. A pop-up window will show up with the transaction. Set your preferred fee and confirm the transaction.</p><p> You are all done. Your AXL tokens are now staking and earning rewards.</p><h3 id="iii-claim-your-axelar-rewards">III. Claim your Axelar rewards</h3><ol><li>Open the Keplr Browser Extension and click ‘Claim’.</li></ol><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image-17.png" class="kg-image" alt="Claim AXL" loading="lazy" width="285" height="151"></figure><p>2. Choose your comfortable fee by hitting ‘Set Fee’ in the appropriate pop-up screen.</p><p>After claiming you can redelegate your tokens to compound your earnings.</p><hr><p><strong>About P2P Validator</strong><br><a href="https://p2p.org/"><em><em>P2P Validator</em></em></a><em><em> is a world-leading <strong><strong>non-custodial staking provider</strong></strong> with the best industry practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only high class staking opportunities securing more than 3<strong><strong> billion of USD</strong></strong> value at the time of the latest update.</em></em></p><p><em><em>P2P Validator is <strong><strong>trusted by over 24,000 delegators</strong></strong> across 25+ networks. We are a major player in all networks we support because of our experience, commitments and our <strong><strong>reputation</strong></strong>. We pay special attention to the process of governance. </em></em></p><p></p>

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Cosmos How to stake Cosmos Hub (ATOM)?

<!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><p>Table of Contents</p> <ul> <li><a href="#T1"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What is Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T2"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Why Stake Cosmos Hub (ATOM) with P2P Validator? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T3"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Rewards &amp; Fees </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T4"><span style=" font-size:16px"> How to Track my Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Rewards </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T5"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Cosmos Hub' (ATOM) Warm-up &amp; Reward Distribution Frequency </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T6"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Re-delegate Cosmos Hub (ATOM) </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T7"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Undelegation period </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T8"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Ledger Live Staking Guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T9"><span style=" font-size:16px"> imToken Comos (ATOM) Staking Guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T10"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Keplr + Ledger Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T11"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking FAQ </span></a></li> </ul> <h2 id="what-is-cosmos-hub-atom-staking-a-namet1a">What is Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking? <a name="T1"></a></h2> <p>When staking Cosmos Hub (ATOM) you are supporting the network with the additional benefit of compounding your ATOM!</p> <p>Staking ATOM is the process of holding ATOM &quot;stake&quot; to partake and support the operations in the Cosmos Hub network to receive rewards. In order to be a &quot;Validator&quot; and participate in these operations, one is required to maintain a server running continuously, technological knowhow, experience, and have a significant self-bond (surety bond).</p> <p>This is where P2P Validator comes in, we allow ATOM token holders to forget about all the heavy lifting i.e maintenance, surety bonds etc. by &quot;delegating&quot; their holdings to P2P to receive these rewards. We accumulate users' stake and act as a major validation node, receiving and allocating staking rewards between our users pro rata to the delegation.</p> <p>Users that chose to stake with P2P maintain full custody of their ATOM at all times and P2P will never have access to them.</p> <h2 id="why-stake-cosmos-hub-atom-with-p2p-validator-a-namet2a">Why Stake Cosmos Hub (ATOM) with P2P Validator? <a name="T2"></a></h2> <p>Every delegator is self-responsible for the financial decisions made. It is very important to choose the right validator in order to maximize your rewards.</p> <p>P2P Validator has been supporting the Cosmos Hub network from day one providing community building, educational materials and a solid development team. In the process, we have also set ourselves as a trusted validator for ATOM delegators.</p> <p>We have a highly skilled, dedicated and experienced team (proven by our victories at the Cosmos Hub Game of Stakes and Game of Zones) to handle the network operations involved in staking ATOM, promising the highest network reliability and performance to our delegators. We have a 100% uptime record and have never been slashed. We have a significant ATOM stake, further demonstrating the community's trust in our staking infrastructure. With consistency and a competitive fee, we promise to provide a high yield on your delegation.</p> <p>P2P Validator provides special offers for delegations over 50,000 ATOM making it one of the best places for institutional investors. You can register on our Cosmos Hub staking page or simply get in contact with us via telegram to receive these benefits.</p> <p>By staking ATOM with us you help secure the network and add more value to the Cosmos Hub ecosystem in the long run. If you have any concerns along the way you can get in touch with us anytime!</p> <h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-staking-rewards-fees-a-namet3a">Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Rewards &amp; Fees <a name="T3"></a></h2> <p>You will be earning an estimated 19% APR when staking Cosmos Hub (ATOM) with P2P. Please keep in mind that the APR specified is approximate and changes along with network conditions.</p> <p>In order to run the staking infrastructure, we charge a 8% fee on your rewards. The rewards after taking the fee into consideration will therefore be 17.48%</p> <p>Example:</p> <p>I delegate 1000 ATOM to P2P</p> <p>Reward: 1000*19% = 190 ATOM</p> <p>Fee = 190*8% = 15.2 ATOM</p> <p>Estimated balance after 1 year = 1000+190- 15.2 = 1174.8 ATOM</p> <p>By simply delegating my 1000 ATOM as I hold it, I will have supported the network and earned an additional 174.8 ATOM after 1 year. Please keep in mind that the APR specified is approximate and changes along with network conditions.</p> <h2 id="how-to-track-my-cosmos-hub-atom-staking-rewards-a-namet4a">How to Track my Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Rewards <a name="T4"></a></h2> <p>Tracking Cosmos Hub (ATOM) staking rewards is really easy when using the <a href="https://wallet.keplr.app/">Keplr wallet</a>.</p> <p>On your dashboard you will be able to see the amount staked and every pending reward for each delegation you have, not only on ATOM, but for every Cosmos Hub ecosystem supported chain.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/1-1.png" alt="Keplr dashboard"> </p> <h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-warm-up-reward-distribution-frequency-a-namet5a">Cosmos Hub' (ATOM) Warm-up &amp; Reward Distribution Frequency <a name="T5"></a></h2> <p>Unlike most other networks, you will start receiving rewards as soon as you delegate!</p> <p>Cosmos Hub staking rewards are paid out in real-time, with rewards accruing approximately every 6 seconds. Your rewards will be distributed in a separate account from your delegation and are not compounded to your delegation. At any point you can decide to add them to your existing stake and start earning interest on them. The benefit of having your rewards paid out in a separate account is that they are not locked (you may withdraw them immediately) whereas it takes 21 days to unbond your delegated ATOM.</p> <h2 id="re-delegate-cosmos-hub-atom-a-namet6a">Re-delegate Cosmos Hub (ATOM) <a name="T6"></a></h2> <p>It is very important to choose a validator that you trust and respect. Sometimes the validator you have selected may begin to perform poorly affecting your rewards, or they change their configurations (ex: increase commissions). You may also find that you would rather support another validator that supports the ecosystem in a way that better suits your vision.</p> <p>With Cosmos Hub (ATOM), you have the option to instantly change your validator once every twenty-one days. If you partially re-delegate ATOM, you can re-delegate the remaining amount without the 21 day restraint.</p> <p>You will not lose out on any rewards while re-delegating, but you will have to pay a small transaction fee.</p> <h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-undelegation-period-a-namet7a">Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Undelegation period <a name="T7"></a></h2> <p>If you wish to stop delegating all together, the Cosmos Hub network enforces a 21 day period for your ATOM to unbond. In that period, you will not be earning interest on your unbonding ATOM and will not be able to withdraw them.</p> <p>Be aware that you can only unbond ATOM seven times with the same validator within a twenty-one day period.</p> <h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-ledger-live-staking-guide-a-namet8a">Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Ledger Live Staking Guide <a name="T8"></a></h2> <p>We have created a step-by-step guide to help you stake your Cosmos Hub (ATOM) using the Ledger Live application!</p> <p>How To Stake Cosmos (ATOM) with Ledger Live | P2P Validator</p> <p>Before you start, make sure that you:</p> <ul> <li>Have updated Ledger live to its latest version</li> <li>Download the latest version of the Cosmos Hub App</li> <li>Add an ATOM account. Learn more</li> <li>Add ATOM to your account</li> </ul> <p>Getting started:<br> Go to your accounts and select the one you wish to stake from.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/2.png" alt="Select account"> </p> <p>At the bottom of the page you will see a section named &quot;nominations&quot;. Here click on the button &quot;Earn rewards&quot;:</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/3.png" alt="Nominations"> </p> <p>A new window will pop-up detailing information regarding the delegation process. After reading, press &quot;Continue&quot;:</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/4.png" alt="Earn Rewards"> </p> <p>Search for P2P validator from the list of validators. Input the amount you wish to stake and press &quot;Continue&quot;:</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/5.png" alt="Choose Validator"> </p> <p>You will be prompted to confirm the delegation on your ledger device. Please note that the Cosmos Hub APP must be open before proceeding.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/6.png" alt="Confirm delegation"> </p> <p>You should now receive a confirmation message on your ledger live.</p> <p>That's it, your stake will activate and you'll start earning rewards immediately! Note that you will have to claim your rewards manually, which can either be added to your stake or to your available balances.</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="imtoken-comos-atom-staking-guide-a-namet9a">imToken Comos (ATOM) Staking Guide <a name="T9"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p></p><!--kg-card-begin: html--> <p align="center"> <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vS7YfHawhGc" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><p></p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="keplr-ledger-cosmos-hub-atom-staking-guide-a-namet10a">Keplr + Ledger Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Guide <a name="T10"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>This <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/p/d7bb9334-8989-4299-a16d-02e52d6f26b7/">tutorial</a> helps you stake and manage <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cosmos/">ATOM</a> tokens on the <a href="https://p2p.org/networks/cosmos">Cosmos</a> blockchain, using both the <a href="https://www.keplr.app/">Keplr</a> Browser Extension and Web Wallet together with your favorite <a href="https://www.ledger.com/">Ledger</a> device.</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_2uJZJ7BqYg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </p> <!--kg-card-end: html--><p></p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-staking-faq-a-namet11a">Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking FAQ <a name="T11"></a></h2> <h3 id="what-is-cosmos-hub">What is Cosmos Hub?</h3> <p>Cosmos Hub is a decentralized network of independent, scalable, and interoperable blockchains.</p> <h3 id="what-is-the-cosmos-hub-staking-apr">What is the Cosmos Hub staking APR?</h3> <p>The Cosmos Hub staking reward is approximately 16.1%. More info here.</p> <h3 id="how-often-are-staking-rewards-distributed">How often are staking rewards distributed?</h3> <p>Cosmos Hub staking rewards are paid out in real-time, with rewards accruing approximately every 7 seconds. More info here.</p> <h3 id="is-there-an-unstaking-period">Is there an unstaking period?</h3> <p>The Cosmos Hub network has a 21 day unstaking period throughout which your tokens will not be transferable. More info here.</p> <h3 id="is-there-a-slashing-risk-for-validators">Is there a slashing risk for validators?</h3> <p>Cosmos Hub network does have slashing risk for delegators.</p> <h3 id="is-there-a-minimum-staking-amount-for-cosmos-hub">Is there a minimum staking amount for Cosmos Hub?</h3> <p>There is no minimum staking amount for staking ATOM.</p> <h3 id="do-staking-rewards-compound">Do staking rewards compound?</h3> <p>No, staking rewards must be claimed by the user manually and delegated to achieve compounding effect.</p> <h3 id="what-is-the-cosmos-hub-inflation-rate">What is the Cosmos Hub inflation rate?</h3> <p>The Cosmos Hub network inflation rate is approximately 7% per year.</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown-->

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Ethereum Ethereum 2.0 staking - The Beginners Guide

<!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h1 id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h1> <ul> <li><span style=" font-size:16px"> Ethereum 2.0 staking - The Beginners Guide </span> <ul> <li><a href="#T1"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What Is Ethereum 2.0?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T2"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What Is Ethereum 2.0 (ETH) Staking?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T3"><span style=" font-size:16px">Why Stake Ethereum for Ethereum 2.0?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T4"><span style=" font-size:16px">How Does Ethereum 2.0 (ETH) Staking Work?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T5"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Ethereum 2.0 (ETH) Staking Rewards &amp; Fees</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T6"><span style=" font-size:16px"> How Much Do You Make Staking Ethereum?</span></a> <ul> <li><a href="#T7"><span style=" font-size:16px"> When do I get my staking rewards?</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#T8"><span style=" font-size:16px"> How do I Track My ETH 2.0 Staking Rewards?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T9"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Unstaking Period Ethereum (ETH)</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T10"><span style=" font-size:16px"> How to Stake Ethereum (ETH)?</span></a> <ul> <li><a href="#T11"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solo Staking</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T12"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Staking as a Service</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T13"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Pooled Staking</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T14"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Centralized Exchanges</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T15"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Why Stake Ethereum with P2P?</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#T16"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Possible Risks of Staking ETH</span></a> <ul> <li><a href="#T17"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What Will Ethereum 2.0 Value Be?</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#T18"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Conclusion</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#T19"><span style=" font-size:16px"> ETH 2.0 Staking FAQ</span></a> <ul> <li><a href="#T20"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What is Ethereum?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T21"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What is the Ethereum staking APR?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T22"><span style=" font-size:16px"> How often are staking rewards distributed?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T23"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Is there an unstaking period?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T24"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Is there a slashing risk for validators?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T25"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Is there a minimum staking amount for Ethereum?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T26"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Do staking rewards compound?</span></a></li> <li><a href="#T27"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What is the Ethereum inflation rate?</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>The Ethereum ecosystem has been gaining immense popularity in the last few years. This blockchain platform hosts a variety of DeFi projects and NFTs, while its native coin, ETH, remains the second largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization. Ethereum Foundation, the non-profit organization that supports this system, continuously attempts to improve the Ethereum network, making it more scalable, sustainable, and secure. </p><p>One of the most significant changes that Ethereum is undergoing now is the introduction of Ethereum 2.0, which implies a switch from the Proof-of-Work (PoW) to the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) protocol. This upgrade is aimed at solving the problem of fast-growing transaction costs (aka gas costs) and colossal energy consumption by shifting from mining to a staking mechanism. In this article, we will dive deeper into Ethereum 2.0, outline its key features, and provide you with all the important details on how to stake Ethereum (ETH).</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="what-is-ethereum-20a-namet1a">What is Ethereum 2.0?<a name="T1"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/SFTx3GHk7QKfs9OyQyk6Y8wLw6LZZPGQJpvB9Cau4pAJi_v5imj0zEDCnelYD_YSPqTbIrq8wtMTNCNcZ_pGM8H98Ka9JQd1zY_i70USWJhNTGAFpeE4nt_r4Mtn9YSRerWeULV3T4ySwdfCKcST2wA" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"></figure><p>Ethereum 2.0 (also called Serenity or ETH2) is a number of updates planned by the Ethereum Foundation which are going to result in the ETH network moving from the PoW to PoS consensus protocol. The primary goal of this major network improvement is to solve the issues of scalability, high transaction fees, and energy consumption that have been plaguing Ethereum (ETH) since its inception. <br>The Ethereum Foundation has been working on these long-awaited upgrades for several years now. The first change happened in 2020 when the Beacon Chain was introduced. It opened the possibility of ETH staking. Another upgrade called “The Merge” is planned to occur in 2022. This step will unite ETH1 (the  execution layer) and ETH2 (the consensus layer) into one network. The total shift to the Proof-of-Stake mechanism is expected to finish in 2023 - 2024.<br></p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="what-is-ethereum-20-eth-staking-a-namet2a">What is Ethereum 2.0 (ETH) Staking? <a name="T2"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>The Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus algorithm used by the current Ethereum ecosystem implies that miners validate transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain in exchange for rewards paid in ETH. <em>Although this approach has proven to be secure, it has some significant pitfalls. <br></em></p><ol><li><em><strong>Huge energy consumption.</strong> PoW is quite resource-intensive as it requires expensive hardware and a lot of electricity to power it. <br></em></li><li><em><strong>Ever-growing gas costs.</strong> As the network expands, the transaction fees increase. <br></em></li><li><em><strong>Limited scalability. </strong>The current Ethereum network can only process around 15 transactions per second.</em></li></ol><p><br>These issues can be resolved as soon as the Proof-of-Stake mechanism comes out. PoS is a much more efficient and eco-friendly way of validating transactions and adding new blocks to the blockchain. In this approach, instead of mining, there is a staking process in which users stake their Ethereum to validate transactions and earn rewards. As there is no need for expensive hardware or enormous amounts of electricity, PoS is much cheaper and more sustainable than PoW. <em>Moreover, as stakers can validate transactions much faster, Ethereum’s scalability will also improve.</em></p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="why-stake-ethereum-for-ethereum-20-a-namet3a">Why stake Ethereum for Ethereum 2.0? <a name="T3"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Every ETH holder might wonder why it’s worth staking. Let’s consider the core reasons.</p><ol><li><strong>Extra income.</strong> Staking is a great way to earn passive returns. As long as you keep your ETH staked, you will continue to receive a percentage of rewards.</li><li><strong>Ethereum network development.</strong> This is one of the ways to support the Ethereum ecosystem and its shifting to the PoS consensus algorithm. If you stake your ETH, you help to secure the network and make it more scalable.</li><li><strong>Sustainability.</strong> Staking is eco-friendly. Unlike mining, it doesn’t require heavy energy consumption.</li><li><strong>Easy to start.</strong> Anyone with a computer can become a staker. It’s not necessary to have expensive hardware or much capital to get started.</li></ol><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="how-does-ethereum-20-eth-staking-work-a-namet4a">How does Ethereum 2.0 (ETH) Staking work? <a name="T4"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>ETH staking implies adding new blocks to the Ethereum blockchain. A user must deposit 32 ETH to become a full validator who is responsible for processing transactions, storing data, and adding blocks. The reward is earned for correctly validated transactions. If a validator submits fraudulent transactions or breaks the network rules, they are punished with a process known as slashing, which means that they could lose part of their investment and be kicked out of the ETH ecosystem.</p><p>There are some alternative ways to participate in staking. If a user doesn’t want to get into the details of this reward-earning approach or deal with hardware, they could make use of staking-as-a-service. For users who are limited in capital, there is an option of pooled staking. However, it’s crucial to remember that these techniques come with certain risks, especially related to the counterparty.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="ethereum-20-eth-staking-rewards-fees-a-namet5a">Ethereum 2.0 (ETH) Staking Rewards &amp; Fees <a name="T5"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>In staking, the amount of the reward is variable. It depends on factors such as the total amount of ETH staked, the length of time it is staked for, and the overall inflation rate. For example, if you stake your ETH for a shorter period, you will receive less reward than if you stake it for a longer time. However, as long as you keep your ETH staked, you will continue to receive rewards regularly. Most commonly, users who stake their ETH take a reward of about 8% Annual Percentage Rate (APR). This means that if you stake 1 Ethereum, you will have 1.08 ETH at the end of the year.<br>When it comes to the fees, everything depends on the platform the staker is using. The amount can greatly vary. For example, Lido takes 10% for ETH staking, Coinbase has a 25% fee, while <a href="https://p2p.org/networks/ethereum">P2P</a> charges a 10% fee.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="how-much-do-you-make-staking-ethereum-a-namet6a">How Much Do You Make Staking Ethereum? <a name="T6"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>As previously mentioned, the amount of money that can be earned from staking Ethereum can vary depending on several factors. The size of the reward is impacted by the amount of ETH that is being staked - the more ETH, the higher the potential reward. Another important factor to take into account is the time the Ethereum is being staked for - a longer period will typically result in more significant profits. In addition, it is also important to consider the current interest rate on Ethereum. The higher it is, the more money can be earned from staking this cryptocurrency. Currently, the average reward from ETH staking fluctuates between 3% - 8% paid annually.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="when-do-i-get-my-staking-rewards-a-namet7a">When do I get my staking rewards? <a name="T7"></a></h3> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>An Ethereum staker gets a reward after each epoch, which usually lasts 6.5 minutes on average. However, it’s important to note that the user should be active during this time to receive it, meaning that they should be online and validating.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="how-do-i-track-my-eth-20-staking-rewards-a-namet8a">How Do I Track My ETH 2.0 Staking Rewards? <a name="T8"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>To track Ethereum staking rewards, the user needs to find their staking address. It’s possible to do it in two ways:</p><ul><li>Find it via transaction history in the blockchain explorer (a tool that allows users to view information about a particular blockchain).<br></li><li>Get the staking address from the wallet and then insert it in the blockchain explorer to find the related information.</li></ul><p>Overall, the process of tracking your ETH 2.0 staking rewards is relatively simple and can be done using either a blockchain explorer or one of the multiple tools that help to track rewards.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="unstaking-period-for-ethereum-eth-a-namet9a">Unstaking period for Ethereum (ETH) <a name="T9"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>The unstaking or undelegation period is the time users must wait to withdraw their ETH if they want to stop staking. This period is required to ensure that all the rewards that have been earned are properly distributed. <br><br>On Ethereum, it is currently not possible to unstake your assets, once they are staked. Withdrawal of staked assets will be enabled in 2023 with the Shanghai upgrade. The unstaking period is variable and depends on how much ETH is queued to be unstaked at the time.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="how-to-stake-ethereum-a-namet10a">How to stake Ethereum? <a name="T10"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>There are a few different ways a user can stake Ethereum. Let’s have a look at them.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="solo-staking-a-namet11a">Solo staking <a name="T11"></a></h3> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Solo staking means that users stake their ETH and do not pool it with others. This approach comes with the maximum reward since it is not shared with other users. For this type of staking, it’s necessary to invest 32 ETH and have a robust computer with a constant internet connection.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="staking-as-a-service-a-namet12a">Staking as a service <a name="T12"></a></h3> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>This is an easier way for users to participate in staking without having to set up their own validators or run any special software. Instead, they simply deposit their ETH into the provider's smart contract. This model allows for earning rewards without having to bear the full costs and risks of running a validator node. Although Ethereum staking service providers typically charge a small fee, this is often offset by the higher rewards that they offer.</p><p>Staking as a service exists in three forms: custodial, semi-custodial, and non-custodial.<br></p><ul><li><strong>Custodial service providers</strong> completely manage the staking process. They own the users’ validator and withdrawal keys.</li><li><strong>Semi-custodial service providers</strong> don’t hold users’ withdrawal keys, and thus don’t have access to the customer funds, but they do hold users' validator keys.</li><li><strong>Non-custodial service providers</strong> allow users to earn interest on their Ethereum holdings without having to give up control of their private keys.<br></li></ul><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="pooled-staking-a-namet13a">Pooled Staking <a name="T13"></a></h3> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Pooled staking is when users pool their Ethereum together to have a better chance of validating blocks and earning rewards. This is a great way for users to earn rewards without having to stake 32 ETH. However, it’s crucial to remember that it’s not a native staking method, and thus it comes with increased third-party risks.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="centralized-exchanges-a-namet14a">Centralized Exchanges <a name="T14"></a></h3> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>This staking method has gained particular popularity among ETH holders. A centralized exchange is a suitable choice for users who don’t feel comfortable holding Ethereum in their wallets and managing their keys. Although centralized exchanges typically offer higher rewards than other methods of staking, they also come with the risk of losing ETH if the exchange is hacked or becomes insolvent.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="why-stake-ethereum-with-p2p-a-namet15a">Why stake Ethereum with P2P? <a name="T15"></a></h3> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p><a href="https://p2p.org/networks/ethereum">P2P</a> provides non-custodial services for Ethereum (ETH) staking. As previously mentioned, this means that users keep full control of their assets and the platform doesn’t have access to their private keys. </p><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P</a> is a cutting-edge solution that provides its customers with top-notch security, transparency, and strong community support. When it comes to ETH staking rewards and fees, after The Merge, it offers its users a ~8% APR and charges a 10% validator fee. By staking before The Merge, a 0.1 ETH flat fee is charged for every 32 ETH.</p><p>New and existing clients can benefit from a 0% validator fee per quarter when staking more than 320 ETH.<br>P2P is one of the leading Node Operators at LIDO, running thousands of nodes for almost 2 years. By opting for this ETH staking solution, users receive high-quality service and 24/7 expert account monitoring and support.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="possible-risks-of-staking-eth-a-namet16a">Possible risks of staking ETH <a name="T16"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/yboZPMkuwLYbqf0ogKAcgMLlQMbdiWl3y1A9VodxcUbzSvlxLMzwm247h7hwtclbKy8sSqlyjlilukqMcr-f-fs97vBjqoU6ZSijj6cUtQQfkqhyuNXtb9fcMaExSJqjp8lcqZgpyrOwX-aHiv2mqcI" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"></figure><p>If you decide to stake your ETH, it’s important to be aware of the risks related to this approach. Let’s have a look at the most significant ones:<br></p><ol><li><strong>Unclear price of ETH 2.0.</strong> The value of Ethereum 2.0 will undoubtedly differ from the current Ethereum price. If it goes down, you will still earn rewards for staking, but the overall value of your investment will decrease. However, if Ethereum 2.0 turns out to be successful, its value is likely to increase along with your potential rewards.<br></li><li><strong>Unstaking.</strong> Users will not be able to withdraw their staked Ethereum by the time Ethereum 2.0 is completely released. This could take a couple of years. Currently, the Ethereum Foundation has scheduled the terminal stage for 2023-2024.<br></li><li><strong>Slashing.</strong> This is the risk of losing some funds. Slashing is a penalty imposed on stakers who fail to comply with the network rules or validate fraudulent transactions.<br></li><li><strong>Private key loss.</strong> If a user loses their private keys, they will not be able to access their ETH, and thus will not be able to earn rewards.<br></li></ol><p>While all these risks are possible, they are also relatively unlikely if you are well aware of the features and limitations of this approach.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h3 id="what-will-ethereum-20-value-be-a-namet17a">What will Ethereum 2.0 Value Be? <a name="T17"></a></h3> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Different crypto experts have various expectations about the Ethereum price in the short- and long-term perspective. However, the majority of them agree that the improvements related to Ethereum 2.0 will push this crypto to enter a bullish market. </p><p><a href="https://coinpedia.org/information/market-price-prediction-ethereum-2019/">Coinpedia</a> expects Ethereum to be traded at about $5,000 at the end of 2023. Moreover, if the ETH 2.0 release turns out to be successful, the value of this crypto could hit a maximum of around $11,000 in 2025.<br><br><a href="https://coinpriceforecast.com/ethereum-forecast-2020-2025-2030">Coin Price forecast</a> also has a positive forecast for the Ethereum price. However, it’s more reserved. This platform believes that ETH will reach the level of about $2,200 by the end of 2022 and will continue growing, approaching $2,800 in 2025.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="conclusion-a-namet18a">Conclusion <a name="T18"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Ethereum staking could be a great way of gaining extra income. Moreover, this process, in contrast to mining, comes with significantly improved scalability, security, and sustainability. However, before making any decision, it’s crucial to be aware of the risks involved. One of the main issues to take into account is that users will not able to withdraw their staked Ethereum by the time Ethereum 2.0 is completely released.<br><br>If you decide that the advantages of this approach outweigh its potential risks, you need to choose among the several possible ways to stake Ethereum and commence your journey.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h1 id="eth-20-staking-faq-a-namet19a">ETH 2.0 Staking FAQ <a name="T19"></a></h1> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="what-is-ethereuma-namet20a">What is Ethereum?<a name="T20"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain featuring smart contract functionality. Its native token, ETH, is the second largest crypto by market cap after Bitcoin. Ethereum is a unique platform that serves as a home for many decentralized applications and NFTs. Currently, the network is undergoing some significant changes which will result in shifting from a Proof-of-Work to a Proof-of-Stake mechanism.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="what-is-the-ethereum-staking-apr-a-namet21a">What is the Ethereum staking APR? <a name="T21"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>In Ethereum staking, the reward may vary depending on the amount of ETH invested, the time it is staked for, the inflation rate, and more. However, the average Ethereum staking yield is about 5.4%.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="how-often-are-staking-rewards-distributed-a-namet22a">How often are staking rewards distributed? <a name="T22"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Ethereum staking rewards are distributed by stakers every 24 hours. The amount of the rewards depends on the number of ETH tokens staked, the time they are staked for, inflation, and more. However, typically it is around 4% per year.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="is-there-an-unstaking-period-a-namet23a">Is there an unstaking period? <a name="T23"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Unstaking Ethereum or any other crypto means taking these coins out of the staking pool. There is no unstaking period in the Ethereum network, and your tokens will be transferable immediately upon unstaking. Note that once you have unstaked your coins, they are no longer eligible for staking rewards.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="is-there-a-slashing-risk-for-validators-a-namet24a">Is there a slashing risk for validators? <a name="T24"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>Yes, there is such a risk. Slashing is a type of punishment imposed on users who don’t comply with network regulations or submit fraudulent transactions. This could result in a user losing some of their funds or even being kicked out of the network.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="is-there-a-minimum-staking-amount-for-ethereum-a-namet25a">Is there a minimum staking amount for Ethereum? <a name="T25"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>In general, there is no minimum amount to stake Ethereum. However, there could be some minimum requirements set by individual staking pools. P2P users don’t have to provide any minimum ETH staking amount.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="do-staking-rewards-compound-a-namet26a">Do staking rewards compound? <a name="T26"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>No, Ethereum staking rewards don't compound; most smart contracts do not allow for compounding rewards. This means that users cannot gain interest on their interest.</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="what-is-the-ethereum-inflation-rate-a-namet27a">What is the Ethereum inflation rate? <a name="T27"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>The annual Ethereum supply is limited to 18,000,000. This means that its inflation rate has to decrease each year. As a result, in 2022, Ethereum inflation dropped from 1.10% to 0.51% during the first quarter.</p><p></p><p></p>

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Kusama, Moonbeam Postmortem: Moonbeam Collator Incident (September 4 2022)

<p></p><h3 id="summary">Summary </h3><p>On September 4 at 15:15 UTC one of our collators stopped syncing and due to an error in the monitoring rules the incident went unnoticed. As a result of this the collator did not produce blocks for a period of 27 hours.</p><h3 id="what-happened">What Happened?</h3><p>An error was made in one of the many rules of our monitoring system. When writing this rule, we mistakenly used the wrong metric to determine the status of the collator in the candidate list. As a result, when the collator stopped synchronizing, the engineering team did not receive any notifications about the incident.</p><h3 id="customer-impact">Customer Impact</h3><p>Delegators who nominated and had their staked allocated to this collator did not receive rewards for a period of 4 rounds.</p><h3 id="what-went-wrong">What went wrong?</h3><p>Unfortunately, we received information about the incident from an external source, which is unacceptable.</p><h3 id="what-went-well">What went well?</h3><p>After receiving information about the incident, the failed collator was promptly restored as soon as possible and began to produce blocks.</p><h3 id="lessons-learnt-and-action-plan">Lessons learnt and action plan</h3><p>We are going to implement strict checks and audits of all our monitoring rules. We are also in the process of automating testing of monitoring rules as much as possible before applying them to the production environment.</p><p><br>P2P takes full responsibility for the event that led to the weak performance and we are sorry for the inconvenience. Please be assured that we are taking actions to eliminate even a small probability of such an event occurring in the future.</p><hr><p><strong><strong><strong>About P2P Validator</strong></strong></strong></p><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security  practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only high class staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than 1.5 billion USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 25,000 delegators across 40+ networks.</p><p><em><em>If you have any questions, feel free to join our<a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking"> Telegram chat</a>, we are always open for communication.</em></em></p><p><br></p><p> </p>

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Cardano What to look for when choosing a Cardano pool?

<h3></h3><p>At first, Cardano might appear to have a complicated staking system, but in reality it's quite simple. In this article we will begin by outlining Cardano’s staking architecture before moving on to the key factors about validator pools that will affect your Return-on-Assets (ROA). By the end of this article, you will be able to confidently select a validator pool that is the right fit for you. <br></p><h2 id="staking-architecture">Staking Architecture</h2><p>To get a better understanding of the whole staking architecture, let's first start with how rewards are generated. Within each epoch, fees from network operations and new emissions are collected into a fund. Part of these collected assets goes to the Cardano treasury, while the rest is distributed to validators and delegators as a reward for their commitment to securing the network through staking. <br><br>The validator's role is to secure the network. They are responsible for confirming the validity of new blocks of transactions which are then added to the network's ledger. Every time a new block is added to the ledger, validators are rewarded with staking rewards. </p><p>Cardano token holders can earn staking rewards by delegating their ADA assets to one of the many available validator pools. By delegating your ADA to a validator pool, you are providing this validator with your tokens rights to participate in the validation of blocks. Validators will redistribute their earnings to their delegators pro rata to their stake. </p><p>A validator's probability to be allocated a block to produce, depends on a number of factors. <strong>Pool saturation, </strong>which refers to how much stake a particular pool has,<strong> </strong>is the most important factor when it comes to allocation of new blocks. The higher the pool saturation, the higher is the amount staked in the pool. The greater a pool's stake is, the more blocks will be allocated to them. If the pool does not have enough stake to be allocated a new block, it can take as long as 5 or 50 epochs before they will produce a block. <br><br>So what factors are important to take into consideration when selecting the right validator pool? Below we explain the several key factors to take into account.</p><h2 id="important-factors-when-selecting-a-validator-pool"><br>Important factors when selecting a validator pool<br></h2><h3 id="pool-saturation">Pool saturation </h3><p>The Cardano staking architecture was created in a way that pool saturation does not have a significant effect on ROA in the long run. <br><br>Pools with larger stakes will have more blocks allocated to them and therefore will generate more rewards, but they will also have to distribute it amongst more delegated stake. Smaller pools will produce blocks less often, but will generate a high return to their delegators when they do. <br><br>One has to consider their strategy when deciding which pool to select: Whether they would rather choose a pool with high saturation that will produce more blocks and distribute rewards more evenly and frequently, or choose a less saturated pool that will produce fewer blocks but distribute greater rewards when it does. </p><p>However, in order to promote decentralisation, the Cardano protocol has a cap on the amount of rewards a validator's pool can receive. Therefore, if a pool is <em><strong>oversaturated</strong></em>, the rewards received for producing blocks will have to distribute between all the ADA that was delegated to that pool. This leads to lower rewards per each ADA delegation. The current oversaturation limit is 64 million ADA.</p><h3 id="pool-fees-margin"><br>Pool Fees (Margin)</h3><p>Validators may charge a fee (margin) for maintaining its pools, keeping a percentage of all rewards received. The usual margin for public pools is between 1 and 3%, which has a very low impact on rewards. For example, even if you stake 1 million ADA on nodes with 0% and 1% commission (let’s take average nodes with 50% saturation), the difference in rewards between them will be about 5-10 ADA per epoch. <br><br>Do note that validators can set the fee up to 100%, so it is important to check that the commission is not set too high.</p><h3 id="pledge">Pledge</h3><p>A pledge is an amount of assets self-bonded by the validator intended to remain staked to its pool for as long as it operates. It can affect ROA, but only very slightly. Below we will take a look at an example.</p><p>As an illustration, let's look at the change in the possible ROA depending on the pool parameters:</p><p>Let's imagine we have three pools, each with a saturation of 30 million ADA. Each of them has the following pledge values:</p><p>Pool 1 - 10,000 ADA, </p><p>Pool 2 - 100,000 ADA  </p><p>Pool 3 - 1,000,000 ADA</p><p>If you were to stake 10 million ADA, you would get the following ROA on each pool:</p><p>Pool 1 - 3.958%</p><p>Pool 2 - 3.960%</p><p>Pool 3 - 3.982%<br></p><p>As we can see, although there is a difference, it is not significant.<br></p><h3 id="luck">Luck </h3><p>Luck reflects the protocol randomness in the allocation of blocks. When a pool gets allocated more blocks to generate than expected, the luck metric is greater than 100%. If a pool gets allocated less blocks than it would be expected then that number is less than 100%.</p><p>Pools experience this metric every epoch regardless of their size and it is completely random, so smaller pools will see swings between 0% and 100% during long streaks, whereas larger pools will see higher returns in the same period. Over a long enough period of time, the expected APY on rewards will average towards the network expected value.</p><p>It's important to keep in mind that block allocation is calculated on the basis of statistics. If a pool has gotten more than it's expected share of blocks in the past, future block allocations will be lower and vice-versa. </p><h2 id="reliability-and-reputation">Reliability and Reputation</h2><p>Since Pool Saturation, Pledge and Luck do not have a significant impact on ROA in the long run on pools with similar fees, the main consideration a delegator needs to have when selecting a validator pool is the validator’s reliability. In case of failures, errors, etc., no blocks will be created and consequently no participant will receive any reward. So when choosing a pool, this decision should be made responsibly to be sure that the infrastructure is maintained without failures. You can analyse validators' historical performances on <a href="https://adapools.org/">explorers.</a></p><p><br>Let's take an example with one of P2P’s pools. Using the following <a href="https://adapools.org/pool/c29c92f8319150962650bc8a5e24d918491e8a7b3ac43525afe76baa">link</a> to the explorer, you can verify the performance and configurations of P2P. You can see that the saturation is less than half, it has a margin of 0%, a pledge of 1M ADA and it has a ROA of around 4-5%.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/LpTAxAlKIXJyY-JI_abbpO_Ryo6M6V7qFNqtWhm8R38oGMdFWGWaECyyyAda8xus17qRz2gNsNFqWd3DnSb7RVFYJD9BqKLIwHsnMWlb-wpaKGcn5E8sEd0_DsCA-QfkeEOSQ2siZnDtTORjzn53FXsCYIPyXN0XJTHeWRf0aep6JQhPG4p2m2QmfQ" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"></figure><p>Delegating to a public node is not the only way to stake. Many experienced validators, including P2P, provide the option to maintain a whitelabel node for large token holders. Essentially, a team would be responsible for maintaining the node, but it would be managed and owned by the token holder. In other words, a DevOps team would solve all the technical issues, whereas the owner would control the margin, marketing, etc. </p><h2 id="takeaways">Takeaways</h2><p>The Cardano staking architecture was designed in a way to provide all well performing staking pools with similar profitability opportunities, regardless of the size of their stake. Therefore, when selecting a public node, the most important consideration is the fee, the stability and reliability of the validator. Validators with low up time, or in cases where technical failures occur, may miss blocks and as a result delegators will lose out on potential rewards.<br></p><hr><h3 id="about-p2p-validator"><strong>About P2P Validator</strong></h3><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security  practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only high class staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than 1.5 billion USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 25,000 delegators across 40+ networks.</p><p><em>If you have any questions, feel free to join our<a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking"> Telegram chat</a>, we are always open for communication.</em></p>

P2P Validator

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Polkadot P2P Raises Fee at Polkadot while Continuing to increase sustainability

<h1></h1><p>P2P Validator has been supporting the Polkadot network from day one, <strong>providing high-quality validation services</strong> for DOT nominators. Our <strong>developed products allow nominators</strong> to easily manage investments and receive a detailed report on their staking income.</p><p><strong>We invest in the development of the Polkadot network</strong> and see long-term prospects, however, the costs of maintaining the infrastructure and product development are  higher than the revenues that the validator currently receives. We have decided to <strong>set a commission of 1% starting from 5 September 2022</strong> to remain flexible and provide more sustainable services.</p><h2 id="what-have-we-done"><strong>What have we done?</strong></h2><p>We <strong>did not stop the development activity</strong> in the Polkadot network and put in more than eight months of hard work for a reduced fee. Here is a list of the <strong>most significant achievements</strong> that we have released for the Polkadot ecosystem:</p><ol><li><a href="https://p2p.org/snapshot/polkadot">Snapshot service </a>for everyone who is running their own validators.</li><li><a href="https://github.com/p2p-org/substrate_node">Substrate node</a>. Compact set of terraform and ansible roles for deploying substrate-based node</li><li>Received and released a grant from WEB3 Foundation for a Multi Blockchain ETL solution for blockchains with an API for the collected data. We proceed to support the infrastructure for the MBELT, spending thousands of dollars every month.</li><li>Five articles and users guides posted.</li><li><a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/polkadot_sample_report/?native_filters_key=UDDVi9IA6qtvjLQ1Kdg1lZ0LK4ZYcpf5oOs_UlOMnt7mBS7cc76QJ-Vw_5uBnPYT">P2P Dashboard</a> for Polkadot users:</li></ol><ul><li>Track and analyse nominator rewards</li><li>Different strategies performance overview</li><li>CSV reward report</li></ul><p>Product development inside the ecosystem is an essential element not only to support the Polkadot network but also as a part of the <strong>long-term growth of the community and the network value.</strong></p><h2 id="when-will-the-commission-be-increased"><strong>When will the commission be increased?</strong></h2><p>We will increase the commission to 1% starting September 5, 2022. There is a lot of work ahead, and we believe that <strong>joint efforts will accelerate the evolution of the Polkadot network.</strong></p><p>We want to <strong>thank all our nominators</strong> for their continuous support and for being with us!</p><p><strong>Special offer for <strong>20</strong>,<strong>000+</strong> DOT holders</strong></p><p>If you stake 20,000+ DOT, you can benefit from staking with P2P rebalancing service. Our optimized staking strategy provides up to 20% higher rewards than the network average. Our clients currently benefit from a 15% APR vs 13.8% net</p><p><strong>P2P plans of further developments</strong></p><p>While staying a reliable and affordable validator, P2P team plans to design and release block finalization community exporter to share our findings in tracking validator performance. We are committed to success of the Polkadot Network in the long term and hope that you can embark on this journey with us.</p><p>If you would like to know more about our offer for Polkadot please visit: <a href="https://p2p.org/networks/polkadot">https://p2p.org/networks/polkadot</a><br><br>If you have any questions, feel free to join our<a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking"> Telegram chat</a>, we are always open for communication.</p><hr><h2 id="about-p2p-validator"><strong>About P2P Validator</strong></h2><p><a href="https://p2p.org/">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security  practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only high class staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than 1.5 billion USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 25,000 delegators across 40+ networks.</p>

P2P Validator

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