<p><a href="p2p.org" rel="noreferrer">P2P.org</a> is excited to bring its restaking expertise to the Solana ecosystem and participate as a launch partner for <a href="https://www.jito.network/restaking/?ref=p2p.org" rel="noreferrer">Jito (Re)Staking</a>.</p><blockquote class="kg-blockquote-alt">Jito (Re)staking unlocks economic security and promotes capital efficiency for staked SOL, bringing additional use cases and new opportunities. </blockquote><p>We are thrilled to expand its restaking footprint and support this abstraction in the Solana ecosystem. We believe in restaking growth potential and are excited to collaborate with an exceptional team like Jito!</p><p></p><h2 id="to-learn-more-about-jito-restaking-check-out-the-faq-below-%F0%9F%91%87">To learn more about Jito (Re)staking check out the FAQ below š </h2><p></p><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">How is P2P.org Participating?</strong></b></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">As early innovators in the retaking space, P2P.org is excited to collaborate with Jito to unlock new features within the Solana ecosystem. We aim to give our loyal users the option to choose from Solana restaking solutions while providing economic security to participating NCNs.</span></p></div> </div><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">What are Node Consensus Operators (NCNs)?</strong></b></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">NCNs are decentralized networks that leverage staked assets to secure and validate various on-chain activities. NCNs are most similar to āAVSā in </span><a href="https://www.eigenlayer.xyz/?ref=p2p.org" rel="noreferrer"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">EigenLayer</span></a><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Ethereum restaking). Examples of NCNs integrating Jito Restaking on Solana include:</span></p><ul><li value="1"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Squads</strong></b><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">: Integrating Jito Restaking with its Policy Network to enhance secure and flexible transaction policies for smart accounts.</span></li><li value="2"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Switchboard</strong></b><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">: Utilizing Jito's staking and slashing parameters to improve the security and performance of DeFi oracle services.</span></li><li value="3"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Sonic</strong></b><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">: Strengthening its HyperGrid infrastructure for enhanced validator security and cross-SVM interoperability.</span></li><li value="4"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Twilight</strong></b><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">: Reinforcing its bandwidth infrastructureās decentralization and validator security.</span></li><li value="5"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">TipRouter</strong></b><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">: Decentralizing MEV tip distribution with a model that allocates 3% of tips to the Jito DAO treasury.</span></li><li value="6"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Leaf Protocol</strong></b><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">: Leveraging Jito Restaking to secure scalable DeFi applications across multi-network ecosystems.</span></li></ul><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">These partnerships showcase the potential of Jito Restaking to enhance decentralized network functionality, security, and transparency on Solana.</span></p></div> </div><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">What are Vault Receipt Tokens (VRTs)?</strong></b></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">VRTs are liquid representations of assets deposited into Jito restaking vaults that earn rewards over time.</span></p><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">VRTs are most similar to āLRTā in Ethereum restaking.</span></p></div> </div><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">What are Node Operators?</strong></b></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Entities that run and maintain the infrastructure necessary to support NCNs (like </span><a href="P2P.org" rel="noreferrer"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">P2P.org</span></a><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">!)</span></p></div> </div><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">What is Jito (Re)staking?</strong></b></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">A multi-asset staking protocol for Node Consensus Networks (NCNs) on Solana. The protocol tokenizes staked assets as Vault Receipt Tokens (VRTs) for enhanced liquidity and composability. VRTs are most similar to LRTs in Ethereum restaking.</span></p></div> </div><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Benefits of Participation?</strong></b></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><ol><li value="1"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Supports staked SOL and SPL tokens</span></li><li value="2"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Customizable staking parameters, slashing conditions, and economic incentives</span></li><li value="3"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">When VRTs tokenize staked assets (receipt tokens), they can be used throughout the Solana DeFi ecosystem to earn additional rewards.</span></li><li value="4"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">It enables users to participate in securing multiple networks simultaneously, therefore making it more capital-efficient while earning higher rewards.</span></li></ol></div> </div><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">When does Global Restaking Cap 1 begin?</strong></b></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">šļø 10/30/2024</span></p></div> </div><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Wen Mainnet?</strong></b><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> š§</span></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Tentatively scheduled for early December, 2024</span></p></div> </div><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Who are the VRTs that I can restake with?</strong></b></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><ol><li value="1"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Kyros</span></li><li value="2"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Fragmetric</span></li><li value="3"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Renzo</span></li></ol><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">You can find more information here: </span><br><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">š </span><a href="https://www.jito.network/restaking/start/?ref=p2p.org"><u><span class="underline" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.jito.network/restaking/start/</span></u></a></p></div> </div><div class="kg-card kg-toggle-card" data-kg-toggle-state="close"> <div class="kg-toggle-heading"> <h4 class="kg-toggle-heading-text"><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Which tokens can I restake today to participate in the restaking cap?</strong></b></h4> <button class="kg-toggle-card-icon" aria-label="Expand toggle to read content"> <svg id="Regular" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M23.25,7.311,12.53,18.03a.749.749,0,0,1-1.06,0L.75,7.311"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="kg-toggle-content"><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">The top restaked assets are:</span><br><br><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">SOL,</strong></b><br><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">JitoSOL,</strong></b><br><b><strong style="white-space: pre-wrap;">mSOL</strong></b></p><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">š” Note: the types of acceptable assets for restaking vary depending on the VRT platform</span></p></div> </div><p></p><h2 id="about-us">About Us:</h2><p><a href="http://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org" rel="noopener noreferrer">P2P.org</a> has been a reliable validator in the Solana ecosystem since day one. <strong>We maximize staking rewards through High Node Performance and Jito MEV support.</strong> Also, backing innovative projects like <a href="https://wormhole.com/?ref=p2p.org" rel="noreferrer">Wormhole</a>, <a href="https://www.pyth.network/?ref=p2p.org" rel="noreferrer">Pyth</a>, and <a href="https://neonevm.org/?ref=p2p.org" rel="noreferrer">Neon</a>, <a href="http://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org" rel="noopener noreferrer">P2P.org</a> strengthens the networkās infrastructure while delivering additional opportunities for stakers.<br><br><em>You can learn more about our involvement on our </em><a href="https://www.jito.network/restaking/node-operators/P2P/?ref=p2p.org" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>dedicated page</em></a><em>.</em></p><p>We've prepared this comprehensive FAQ to answer all your questions about Jito Restaking. We encourage you to read it to gain deeper insights into how restaking works and benefits the Solana ecosystem.</p><p>But in case you still have some questions:</p><hr><p><strong>Contact Us</strong></p><p>We are always open to communication. Do not hesitate to ask questions in our Telegram chat. For any questions or support, please contact our team at <a rel="noopener">[email protected]</a>.</p><p>We encourage you to check our website and start our staking journey together!</p><ul><li><strong>Web</strong>: <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org" rel="noopener">https://p2p.org</a></li><li><strong>Blog</strong>: <a href="https://p2p.org/economy?ref=p2p.org" rel="noopener">https://p2p.org/economy</a></li><li><strong>Twitter</strong>: <a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org" rel="noopener">@p2pvalidator</a></li><li><strong>Telegram</strong>: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org" rel="noopener">https://t.me/P2Pstaking</a></li><li><strong>Jito Restaking with P2P.org:</strong> <a href="https://www.jito.network/restaking/node-operators/P2P/?ref=p2p.org">https://www.jito.network/restaking/node-operators/P2P/?ref=p2p.org</a></li></ul>
from p2p validator
<p><br>The previous <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/how-firedancer-impacts-solana-ecosystem/">article</a> discussed why PoS networks strive for multiple validation clients and how Firedancer helps secure Solana. Below, <strong>we will share our experience of running Firedancer in Testnet.</strong> We will run through the official documentation for building Firedancer, monitoring options, compatibility with our current infrastructure, and check the client's stability.</p><h2 id="what-is-frankendancer">What is Frankendancer?</h2><p>During the Solana Breakpoint 2023 event, it was announced that āFrankendancerā (Firedancer with runtime and consensus modules borrowed from Solana labs client) successfully acts as a validator node in the Solana Testnet. We were excited about this announcement and the rest of the community. </p><p>The Firedancer team provides great build & run documentation, which can be found <a href="https://firedancer-io.github.io/firedancer/guide/getting-started.html?ref=p2p.org">here</a>. The documentation is decent, so we donāt think it is necessary to repeat it here. You must update your Linux kernel to<em> >5.7</em> to successfully build Firedancer (it should not be a problem even on Ubuntu 20 since its mainline repo contains this kernel). We successfully built Firedancer on top of our test server with Ubuntu 20.04. </p><h2 id="configuration">Configuration</h2><p>In contrast to the Solana Labs client, Firedancer uses a toml configuration formatāsome configuration directives bypass Solana Lab components so that you can use this feature in your favor. For example, you can bypass only the public key of your vote key with a directive <code>vote_account_path</code> and keep your vote key out of a server with a validator in a safe place. The key configuration section may look like this:</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><pre><code>[consensus] identity_path = "~/identity-keypair.json" vote_account_path = "DGjZLMwYmQU7vCPqyTxdnyKwaf1uu8eMdLeSmzqv2SZj" </code></pre> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>If you have experience running the Solana Labs client, the basic config for Firedancer will not raise many questions for you except for section layout. Letās revise the āmust-haveā minimum options of this section:</p><p><code>affinity</code> - number or range of logical CPUs available for Firedancer. According to documentation, it is advised to allocate some cores for Solana Labs client and the rest for Firedancer. We had 32 cores on the server, enough to provide up to 9 cores to make Firedancer work (affinity = ā0-27ā). We also tried to play with <code>affinity</code> directive and found that Firedancer starts successfully with 12 cores at least.</p><p><code>net_tile_count</code> refers to the number of network queues on your network card. You need to adjust this directive precisely to the amount of network queues exposed by the network driver to OS. If <code>net_tile_count</code> exceeds the number of network queues, you will lose some cores for nothing. If <code>net_tile_count</code><em> </em>is lower than the number of network queues, Firedancer starts losing traffic (higher skip rate, lower vote success, etc.).</p><p><code>verify_tile_count</code> - in the official documentation, it is said that this directive controls how many tiles are dedicated to transaction signature verification. In our case, the command <code>/opt/fdctl configure init all --config /home/firedancer/config.toml</code> crashed if <code>verify_tile_count</code> was not equal to <code>net_tile_count</code><em>, </em>and as a consequence, Firedancer could not be started.</p><p>To figure out the number of network queues, you will first need to get the name of your network interface by using the commands <code>ip address</code> or <code>ifconfig</code><em>. </em>After that, you can use the utility <code>ethtool</code> to retrieve the number of network queues:</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><pre><code># ethtool -l {network_interface_name} | grep -A4 "Current hardware settings" Current hardware settings: RX:āā 0 TX:āā 0 Other:āā 0 Combined:ā2 </code></pre> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>If you didnāt apply special tuning to your network stack you likely see a count of network queues in row <strong>Combined.</strong> </p><h2 id="startup-unit">Startup unit</h2><p>If you plan to run Firedancer for an extended period, you will probably need configuration for the process manager. You are likely using Systemd, so we are happy to share our Systemd unit for Firedancer, which we used for running our instance of Firedancer in Testnet:</p><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><pre><code>[Unit] Description=Firedancer Validator Service After=network.target [Service] ExecStartPre=/opt/fdctl configure init all --config /home/firedancer/config.toml ExecStart=/opt/fdctl run --config /home/firedancer/config.toml ExecStop=/opt/fdctl stop Restart=on-failure LimitNOFILE=100000 LimitNPROC=100000 LimitCORE=infinity [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target </code></pre> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><p>It is a very basic Systemd unit without hardening, so it is not production-ready and works for testing only. If you plan to use this Systemd unit, you need to adjust paths of config and fdctl in your environment. It is worth mentioning that Firedancer requires root rights for starting, so it makes no sense to run this unit under a non-root user. After starting the application and configuring the necessary system parameters, Firedancer will downgrade its privileges to the user specified in the configuration file. Note that the <code>configure</code> command must be executed before each Firedancer startup and after each system restart.</p><h2 id="monitoring">Monitoring</h2><p>Next, we would like to discuss monitoring-related questions. Solana Labs provides CLI utilities for monitoring validators, but there is no built-in Prometheus target (Prometheus is the de facto standard nowadays). We developed an in-house Prometheus exporter to monitor our Solana nodes (both validators and RPC), and we were thrilled to see that our prom exporter could fetch all metrics from Firedancer RPC with no issues and no changes required (you can find our Grafana dashboard with metrics fetched from Firedancer on Picture 1). Presumably, it happened because of the implementation of the REST-API interface located in one of Solana Labs' modules integrated into Firedancer. Firedancer is not equipped with tools for monitoring the node's performance in the cluster. However, it was announced that some monitoring tools will be added in the future. Before that, you can use Solana CLI tools to monitor Firedancer (<code>solana-validator Ā --ledger={ledger_path} monitor</code> or <code>solana catchup --our-localhost --follow</code>); we checked it works smoothly.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/XmSQkFhG28aB9ttyhH7mf1L1Zjvsgl31N7kygVfA5Q0EUp7rGhIlMOjvjBmaKTITc8fCaLGE-PHnHpuXfYjQP4w-dhbNpEdxOtJOX2UW4uziiOCJeDqPZzpeu_KrmYeo68BHmsIkWPuqV-DN5raMWA4" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="717"></figure><h2 id="results">Results</h2><p>We ran the Firedancer client (version <em>1.17.1004</em>) on our Testnet validator for 4 days, and no accidental crashes were observed. It would be great to run some performance tests (Solana Labs client vs Firedancer). Still, it doesn't make much sense because Firedancer performance will be bottlenecked on the runtime/consensus stage. </p><p>Solana Validator has an āon-the-flyā key change capability, which we often use in our work. We asked the Firedancer developers about this feature, and they said it's not in the plans right now. Still, they have a long-term idea to make restarts as fast as possible so you can restart with the new identity key rather than trying to support dynamic configuration.</p><p>We are delighted to confirm that Frankendancer can act as a Solana validator at this stage! It feels like Jump Trading invested a lot of work and passion in creating Firedancer, and we in P2P appreciated it so much. P2P validator has been validator in Solana almost from the start of mainnet, and the upcoming Firedancer release in mainnet feels like one of the most significant events in Solana's ecosystem. It is a big step forward for the whole Solana community, and we look forward to testing out genuine Firedancer (with no Solana Labs client as a dependency) later next year.</p><p><em>Authors:</em><br><em>Anton Yakovlev Lead SRE @ P2P validator Solana team</em><br><em>Ilya Shatalov DevOps Engineer @ P2P validator Solana team</em></p><p><br></p>
from p2p validator
<p>Firedancer's testnet launch was announced at Solana's Breakpoint conference, marking a significant milestone in Solana's journey toward global adoption. Let's explore its purpose and understand why it is essential to transition towards multiple validation clients, thereby enhancing network security and stability.</p><h2 id="benefits-of-multiple-validation-clients"><strong>Benefits of Multiple Validation Clients</strong></h2><p>Generally, any PoS network would like to have more than one client, and clients must be developed by independent teams using different programming stacks because of security and stability matters. The Proof of Stake (PoS) network will benefit from two separate validation clients. Still, the benefits will increase with more clients and more evenly distributed stake among them.</p><p>You may wonder what number of validation clients are counted as decent for the PoS network, and this is an excellent question. We believe resilience and reliability are the most important things for the Solana ecosystem. From that perspective, the Solana cluster must "survive" the outage of one validation client, which means there should not be more than 33.3% of stake on each validation client because if there is more stake, it will cause a halt of the cluster because of BFT consensus. Thus, the mandatory condition to sustain the outage of one validation client is to have four clients in the cluster with ~25% of a stake each (again, it should not be more than 33.3%). To secure the network, the cluster must have a fairly distributed stake across all available validation clients. It looks like a challenge to achieve this for different reasons.</p><h2 id="solana-validation-client-diversity"><strong>Solana Validation Client Diversity</strong></h2><p>Currently, the Solana ecosystem offers 2 production-ready clients:</p><p>1. Solana labs client (<a href="https://github.com/solana-labs/client?ref=p2p.org">https://github.com/solana-labs/client</a> )</p><p>2. Jito Labs MEV-enabled client (<a href="https://github.com/jito-labs/client?ref=p2p.org">https://github.com/jito-labs/client</a>)</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/11/firedancer-2-A.jpg" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="1125" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/11/firedancer-2-A.jpg 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/11/firedancer-2-A.jpg 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2023/11/firedancer-2-A.jpg 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2023/11/firedancer-2-A.jpg 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Although Jito Labs is an independent team, technically, the Solana client built by Jito represents a set of patches applied on top of the vanilla Solana Labs client. Currently, <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/?native_filters_key=AcrJWCtZSXOF6QXvAhpOh5FKzgWiav7bjqfwzV8ipRkPiiXMKTAQ58DAKmfRKb7h&ref=p2p.org">42.5% of the stake is working on the Jito client</a>, which already includes two clients and two teams, which undoubtedly increases efficiency. However, both clients will be affected by almost the same set of bugs, including security vulnerabilities of the Rust compiler and Rust dependencies used for building the executable binaries. This situation is undesirable for the Solana ecosystem, which is heading to get its place as a PoS network ready to run world-level enterprise applications!</p><h2 id="introduction-of-firedancer">Introduction of Firedancer</h2><p>A new client for Solana called Firedancer was announced in 2022 and made a splash in Breakpoint 2022 when Firedancer engineering team lead Kevin Bowers from Jump Trading presented Firedancer, working progress, and exciting insights regarding performance optimizations applied in Firedancer. Letās quickly review the high-level attributes of Firedancer:</p><p>- Written in C language</p><p>- Client development funded and guided by an independent company (Jump Trading/Jump Crypto)</p><p>It must be mentioned that Firedancer is designed to be highly efficient in utilizing hardware at 100% and, as a result, to bump TPS up to 1M (which is frankly insane).</p><p>Considering everything we discussed above, it is fair to say that Firedancer will be the first genuine new client developed from scratch by an independent team. Once itās released, it secures the network significantly. For example, suppose there is a bug discovered, a security vulnerability, or performance degradation related to the Solana labs client; the validators can agree to move temporarily to the Firedancer client to give time to Solana labs to troubleshoot the problem and provide enough time to make a well-tested patch. Having several validation clients gives more opportunities to provide decent service for end users, so we strive to see Firedancer adoption in the Solana cluster.<br></p><p>*Authors: Anton Yakovlev Lead SRE @ P2P Solana team*<br></p>
from p2p validator
<p>Maximal extractable value (MEV) is the additional value that DeFi ecosystem participants (MEV searchers) can extract by influencing transaction inclusion and ordering in blocks produced by validators. Activities such as arbitrage, front-running, NFT sniping, sandwich trading and collateralized positions liquidation present in any DeFi ecosystem contribute to the MEV. Searchers are willing to pay extra fees for priority access to MEV opportunities. These fees ("MEV rewards") can generate significant amounts of additional revenue for validators and their delegators.</p><p>The Jito client, which was launched on Solana mainnet-beta in October, 2022, is the first third-party validator client for Solana which represents a significant improvement to Solana's validator software. Jito software enables more efficient transaction and bundle processing helping both validators and searchers effectively identify and exploit MEV opportunities while eliminating unproductive network spam. It allows validators running the Jito client and their delegators to earn additional revenue from MEV through the Tip Distribution on-chain program which collects and distributes the fees (or ātipsā) in proportion equal to a commission set by a validator. The client adoption is good for the Solana ecosystem because it can increase the network's stability, incentivize more validator operators and stakers to join, and help Solana to become more attractive to DeFi ecosystem participants.</p><p>This article will explore statistics on the Jito client adoption within the Solana mainnet-beta cluster, such as the growth of the number of validators running the Jito client, their total active stake and market share. We will also explore the dynamics of MEV rewards generated and compare the performance of Jito validators with that of the rest of the cluster. Additionally, we will investigate whether the adoption of the Jito client has a significant impact on the performance of validators who started to use it. Through this analysis, we aim to shed light on the potential benefits and drawbacks of using the Jito client for validators operating within the Solana network. The data used in this report is publicly available through the P2P Validator public dashboard at: <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/?ref=p2p.org">https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/</a>.</p><h3 id="the-jito-client-adoption">The Jito client adoption</h3><p>The Jito client has been gaining traction among Solana validator operators, as reflected by the growing number of Jito validators (see the left chart in the figure below).</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/100.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1133" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/100.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/100.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/100.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The significant increase in the number of Solana validators using the Jito client indicates a growing recognition of the software's advantages among operators.</p><p>The number of stakers receiving MEV rewards from Jito-enabled validators (the right chart in the figure above) is showing a positive trend, with two anomalies observed in epochs 385 (+84,075 stakers) and 404 (-82,420 stakers). These anomalies can be explained by the fact that during the epoch 385, the Everstake validator started using the Jito client, and then stopped doing so during the epoch 404, resulting in a sharp change in the number of stakers receiving MEV rewards.</p><p>The table below shows that a few validators have discontinued using the Jito client, with Everstake validator being the most notable among them. The reasons for these validators stopped using the client are unclear as there were no significant changes in the validators performance during the usage of the Jito client.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/101-1.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1892" height="1271" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/101-1.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/101-1.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2023/03/101-1.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/101-1.png 1892w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Such important metrics measuring the Jito client adoption as total active stake and market share of validators running Jito client have significantly increased over the last ~50 epochs (as seen in the left and right charts in the figure below). The more active stake the validators running the Jito client have, the more slots are processed with the Jito client, and the more MEV opportunities become available for efficient utilization and redistribution<br></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/102.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1900" height="1073" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/102.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/102.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2023/03/102.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/102.png 1900w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The trend of decreasing average active stake per validator using the Jito client (see the middle chart in the figure above) indicates that more validators with smaller stakes are adopting the software. The increasing trend of Jito client adoption among smaller validators is a positive sign, indicating that even smaller validators can successfully run the software. The Jito client democratizes access to MEV with equal treatment for all validators. The growth in adoption by lower-stake validators demonstrates a strong interest in MEV opportunities from a community that was previously unable to access these benefits.</p><p>The Jito-related MEV rewards currently are very low (as seen in the figure below), which can be attributed to the current limited adoption of the client and lack of participation from MEV searchers. However, a sudden MEV rewards level change after epoch #403 cannot be solely attributed to the increase in the number of validators using the client or the growth of Jito-related active stake. This indicates that a relatively large DeFi ecosystem participant might have started leveraging the MEV extraction tools offered by Jito. As the Jito client gains validator market share, MEV searchers may see more benefits from integration and MEV rewards could rise.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/103.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/103.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/103.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/103.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The share of MEV rewards taken by validators running the Jito client has recently increased from about 8% to 21.5% (see figure below). This is mainly due to new validators setting their MEV rewards commission rate to 100%, with many of them being unnamed validators taking 100% stake rewards commission, such as private or white label validators. <br></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/109.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1550" height="1114" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/109.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/109.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/109.png 1550w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="performance-of-the-validators-running-the-jito-client-vs-others">Performance of the validators running the Jito client vs. others</h3><p>The comparison of performance metrics between validators using the Jito client and those who are not is important to gain insights into the differences between the two groups and understand the potential impact of the Jito client on the Solana network.</p><p>Based on the chart below (see figure below), it appears that, on average, Jito validators have better uptime than other validators. This outcome is likely due to the fact that more experienced validators are more likely to experiment with the new Jito client software, while Solana also has a significant number of inexperienced validators with small stake who may not have yet developed the skills or infrastructure necessary to maintain high uptime.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/110.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/110.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/110.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/110.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>There are outliers for some epochs where the average uptime for Jito validators dropped significantly which is due to a specific validator named āDO NOT DELEGATEā with the vote account pubkey Dn2cRSWAfQpb3NyUJ2q33t1scBLxzo8TZBAyKsWhX7zh, which experienced downtime for 2700 minutes during that epoch and also experienced several very long periods of downtime in other epochs.</p><p>The average vote success rate chart displayed below (see figure below) indicates that Jito validators also generally earn more vote credits for their participation in Solana consensus compared to all other validators. However, due to the metric's volatility, the difference seems insignificant.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/111.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/111.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/111.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/111.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The chart below (see figure below) displays the dynamics of the stake-weighted average block production rate for Jito validators and others, indicating a significant difference in favor of Jito validators. This suggests that the Jito client may indeed optimize transaction block processing.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/112.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/112.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/112.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/112.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="performance-changes-after-adopting-the-jito-client">Performance changes after adopting the Jito client</h3><p>In the previous section, we visually compared the performance metrics of validators running the Jito client and those who are not and observed that there could be statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, the observed differences cannot be solely attributed to the client switch and suggest that other factors may be at play. For instance, early adopters of the Jito client may have more experience in operating validators, and there may be differences in hardware configurations, network connection, or operating conditions that affect performance. Additionally, there are over 2000 Solana validators not running the Jito client, many of which may be operated by inexperienced operators using cheaper hardware, which could further contribute to the observed performance differences.</p><p>In this section we estimate the impact of adopting the Jito client on the performance of Solana validators by comparing their performance metrics before and after adoption, while considering the unique characteristics of each validator. Due to the considerable variation in metrics epoch over epoch caused by external factors, the data was normalized by dividing their values in each epoch by the corresponding epoch average. This normalization method enables a better comparison of validators' relative performance over time and accounts for external factors that greatly impact the metrics for each validator in the cluster. The normalized metrics for each validator before and after the Jito client adoption were averaged to form two samples, which can be compared using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. By using the test on the averaged normalized data, we determined whether the adoption of the Jito client had a statistically significant impact on the performance metrics of Solana validators. To ensure sufficient statistical data for both periods, we only compared the performance metrics of 52 validators who ran the Jito client during 25% to 75% of the observed epochs (from 345 to 415). Comparing the relative uptime of validators before and after adopting the Jito client one can observe (see figure below) that the distribution of relative uptime before adoption is wider and has a heavier right tail.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/KTSC4o2GgrZQ5C9E0unNZ7yc7qyvikUpwzMhY8_bL0n86jES3VN-gbeqTf30y19e_cOlIHCsvvAX4qjhYwx-8Bs0G0yjZHLKG0QM_hWeyWLdGLkyJylmA8uXk3Mn0dsG4DvEsyQxc36a7Tf5Ay24hxc" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="602" height="448"></figure><p>Using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, we found strong evidence (N = 52, V = 371, p < 0.01) that adopting the Jito client had a small negative impact on the relative uptime reducing the median by ~1.9 p.p. (from 105.8% to 103.9%).</p><p>It's possible that the negative impact on relative uptime is due to the fact that the software is relatively new and still undergoing updates and improvements. Testing of new features requires validator restarts that contribute to some of the downtime. Further research and analysis is needed to better understand the specific factors contributing to the observed differences.</p><p>Comparing the relative vote success rate of validators before and after adopting the Jito client, one can observe (see figure below) that the two distributions are almost identical.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/107.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/107.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/107.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/107.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test showed no significant positive impact of adopting the Jito client on the relative vote success rate (N = 52, V = 648, p > 0.05).</p><p>Comparing the relative block production rate of validators before and after the adoption of the Jito client, one can observe (see figure below) that there are significant differences in the two distributions: the distribution of relative block production rate after adopting the Jito client is centered around 120%, while the distribution before adoption is centered around 105%.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/108.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1450" height="1080" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/03/108.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/03/108.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/03/108.png 1450w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test showed strong evidence (N = 52, V = 946, p < 0.01) that the adoption of the Jito client had a significant positive impact on the relative block production rate of Solana validators increasing the median by ~9.4 p.p. (from 111.5% to 120.9%). The increased block production rate is likely due to the more efficient transaction processing enabled by the Jito client's optimized block engine.</p><h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3><p>The Jito client represents a valuable addition to the Solana ecosystem, providing validators and their delegators with a new revenue stream from MEV opportunities, while helping the Solana network to be more stable.</p><p>The Jito client has yet to gain widespread adoption, however, the number of validators utilizing the software is steadily growing, along with the total active stake and staking market share attributed to the Jito client. Some validators have stopped using the client, but they constitute a small fraction and the reasons for this are unclear.</p><p>Additionally, Jito validators and their stakers have not yet earned significant MEV rewards, which may be due to the lack of usage of the client by MEV searchers and users. This situation should improve with broader adoption of the client and as searchers become more accustomed to the new tools.</p><p>On average, validators running the Jito client have better performance than others, although statistical analysis shows that uptime of the validators currently running Jito client has slightly decreased after the switch, while vote success rate has remained largely unchanged and block production rate has increased significantly.</p><p>For those interested in exploring the data further, P2P Validator's public dashboard provides access to all the data used in the report preparation: <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/?ref=p2p.org">https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/</a>.</p><h3 id="acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</h3><p>We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to the P2P Validator team members, including <a href="https://twitter.com/pavpvlv?ref=p2p.org">Pavel Pavlov</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/Sybertuk?ref=p2p.org">Anton Yakovlev</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/stevencquinn?ref=p2p.org">Steven Quinn</a>, and <a href="https://twitter.com/abondar92?ref=p2p.org">Alexey Bondar</a> , for their invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this research. Furthermore, we would like to express gratitude to the <a href="https://twitter.com/jito_labs?ref=p2p.org">Jito Labs</a> team, especially <a href="https://twitter.com/brian_smith_0?ref=p2p.org">Brian Smith</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/buffalu__?ref=p2p.org">Lucas Bruder</a>, for their support and openness during the research. We would also like to thank <a href="https://twitter.com/brianlong?ref=p2p.org">Brian Long</a> and his team for creating the <a href="https://twitter.com/ValidatorsApp?ref=p2p.org">Validators.app API</a>.</p><h3 id="sources">Sources</h3><p>Overall information on Jito & MEV:</p><ol><li><a href="https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/?ref=p2p.org">https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/</a></li><li><a href="https://medium.com/@Jito-Foundation/solving-the-mev-problem-on-solana-a-guide-for-stakers-7768308e93bc?ref=p2p.org">https://medium.com/@Jito-Foundation/solving-the-mev-problem-on-solana-a-guide-for-stakers-7768308e93bc</a></li></ol><p>Dashboards:</p><ol><li><a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/?ref=p2p.org">https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/</a></li><li><a href="https://dune.com/pavelm/jitovalidatorsmevrewards?ref=p2p.org">https://dune.com/pavelm/jitovalidatorsmevrewards</a></li><li><a href="https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/7e37389a-c991-4fb3-a3cd-b387859c7da1?ref=p2p.org">https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/7e37389a-c991-4fb3-a3cd-b387859c7da1</a></li><li><a href="https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/e9932354-a5bb-44ef-bce3-6fbb7b187a89?ref=p2p.org">https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/e9932354-a5bb-44ef-bce3-6fbb7b187a89</a></li></ol><p>Data sources / APIs:</p><ol><li><a href="https://docs.solana.com/api/http?ref=p2p.org">https://docs.solana.com/api/http</a></li><li><a href="https://www.validators.app/?ref=p2p.org">https://www.validators.app/</a></li><li><a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser/jito-mainnet?ref=p2p.org">https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser/jito-mainnet</a></li><li><a href="https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/jito-solana/tracking-jito-solana-validators?ref=p2p.org">https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/jito-solana/tracking-jito-solana-validators</a></li></ol><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p>
from p2p validator
<p>We are pleased to announce that P2P has launched an MEV-enabled client on Solana validators which will allow P2P stakers to receive extra rewards from MEV starting today. <br></p><p>Maximum extractable value (MEV) is a growing capability in blockchain. It refers to the maximum profit a validator can make through its ability to include, exclude, or reorder transactions in the blocks it creates. Ā By running a MEV-enabled client on validators, P2Ps gain access to MEV Opportunities, which can increase staker APR while having a positive impact on the quality of the Solana network.</p><h3 id="mev-boosted-client-adoption">MEV-boosted client adoption</h3><p>To maximize MEV rewards for stakers, P2P will use the open-source Jito-Solana Client, which has been <a href="https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/audits/audits?ref=p2p.org">audited by Neodyme</a>, a leading security and blockchain auditing firm. Jito-Solana represents a meaningful improvement to Solanaās validator software. It was intentionally designed to maximize MEV rewards and optimize their distribution to network validators and stakers. In addition, Jito-Solana was designed to combat spam and improve network efficiency. One of the ways that Jito-Solana achieved this is through its optimization of transaction processing. Jito-Solana offers more efficient transaction processing by bundling transactions and optimizing transaction ordering, which reduces the number of duplicated and unnecessary transactions and enables faster processing times.</p><p>For implementation, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Jito MEV client on Solanaās network performance and adoption among Solana validators. You can find the full report <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/jitos-mev-boosted-client-adoption-impact-on-solana-validators-performance/">here</a>. </p><p>The key takeaways are:</p><ul><li>The Jito client has been gaining traction among Solana validator operators, as reflected by the growing number of validators running the client (currently 80), their total active stake (~55M SOL), and their market share (~15%).</li><li>We also observed a decrease in the average active stake per validator using the Jito client which indicates that more validators with smaller stakes are adopting the software. This trend is a positive sign as it shows that even smaller validators can successfully run the Jito client. The Jito client democratizes access to MEV with equal treatment for all validators. The growth in adoption by lower-stake validators demonstrates a strong interest in MEV opportunities from a community that was previously unable to access these benefits.</li><li>The total Jito-generated MEV rewards are currently relatively low due to limited adoption and lack of MEV searcher participation. This situation should improve with broader adoption of the client and as searchers become more accustomed to the new tools. We observed a significant increase in MEV rewards after January 2023 suggesting that a large DeFi participant started using Jito's MEV extraction tools and we believe that others will soon follow.</li><li>Jito-enabled validators have shown higher average uptime, a higher number of vote credits, and a significantly higher stake-weighted average block production rate.</li><li>Careful statistical analysis showed that block production rate for validators that switched to the Jito client has increased significantly. The increase is likely due to the more efficient transaction processing enabled by the Jito client's optimized block engine.</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/YjlzfIMapEo0xV1CVCjMjZYeX1VMVKYrb-_mYKrB5D0_Ts3e6SqmHxcAnZOSO2fhMr1gA0lWNRPABEWSp62KhP5ZeU4P4AlhJgCPmj_ro9r-SV-hoEPLfV-tWq5oj-L-JpZ0aIhJU2h-0GSLwgDuUwI" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="624" height="361"></figure><p>Based on our research, we believe that the Jito client is a valuable addition to the Solana ecosystem, providing validators and their delegates with a new revenue stream from MEV capabilities while also improving the Solana network stability. Feel free to view the validator performance data, MEV validators rewards, MEV stakers rewards, and more using the public P2P Validator dashboard at: <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/?ref=p2p.org">https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/</a>.</p><h3 id="security-assurance">Security assurance</h3><p>To implement the MEV client on P2P nodes, automation was prepared and tested to seamlessly switch between Jito and the standard Solana client with 0-downtime in this case. Infrastructure security is the most important thing and we would like to add details about the possible security risks validators may face when switching to the Jito client.</p><p>Basically, Jito client is a set of patches applied to a standard Solana client, so theoretically it may have new vulnerabilities or performance degradations in some situations on current or future releases. We discussed these issues with Jito labs and found that 2 independent auditors checked Jito code base and checked the stability of the client on our testnet validator.</p><p>Although the probability of validator performance degradation caused by Jito client is not zero, we donāt think it is a big problem since we always monitor the performance of our validators against cluster average performance statistics (vote success rate, block skip rate) with automated alerting if performance issues are detected. Generally, our monitoring system will allow us to make quick decisions about falling back to a standard Solana client.</p><p>There are certain things that must be taken into account when switching to a standard Solana client:</p><ul><li>Solana Foundation releases a new client with a request to update immediately. Usually, it happens, when the Foundation wants to close a vulnerability or fix stability issues. Jito labs need days or weeks to release its patched version (since it requires a lot of testing) so in such cases, we will switch to the standard client and wait for the Jito client release.</li><li>We detect abnormal behavior of a validator according to our monitoring metrics or detect significant performance degradation (for example vote success rate is lower than the cluster average).</li><li>We receive information from public or closed sources about a vulnerability revealed in the Jito client. In this case, all our validators immediately get moved to a standard client and we will get in touch with Jito labs to clarify the situation.</li></ul><p>If switching to a standard client happened and it has been going on for more than 2 weeks we will notify you about that on our <a href="https://twitter.com/P2Pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">Twitter</a>, so please subscribe to our Twitter to be up-to-date about our services</p><p>We believe that adopting the Jito client will drive MEV rewards. Performance should also improve even further as the client becomes more widely adopted and as searchers become accustomed to the new tools.</p><h3 id="sharing-mev-rewards-with-sol-stakers">Sharing MEV rewards with SOL stakers</h3><p>New and old P2P stakers alike have the opportunity to increase their revenue through extra MEV rewards. P2P will take an 8% commission from MEV rewards, distributing 92% of the rewards to stakers, according to their share.</p><p>The Jito Tip Distribution Program is the on-chain program that collects and distributes MEV rewards to eligible validators and stakers. At the end of an epoch, the MEV rewards earned by a validator are stored in a special account derived from the validator's vote account and the corresponding epoch.</p><p>Once the epoch is over, the validator generates a data structure containing the rewards claims for all validators and stake accounts and uploads it on-chain. Then validators and stakers receive the MEV rewards in the form of an automatic airdrop performed by Jito to the validatorsā vote accounts and stakers stake accounts. The claim action is permissionless, meaning others could execute it if Jito failed to do so properly. Note that distributed rewards are not automatically staked (auto compounded) and the stake account owner is required to withdraw or stake the airdropped rewards.</p><p>Stakers and validators can check their rewards using the <a href="https://reports.p2p.org/superset/dashboard/jito_client_adoption/?ref=p2p.org">P2P Validatorās dashboard with Jito & MEV </a>statistics or <a href="https://jito.retool.com/embedded/public/e9932354-a5bb-44ef-bce3-6fbb7b187a89?ref=p2p.org">Jitoās MEV rewards dashboard</a>. Anyone can check their rewards using public explorers, the details to do so are available in <a href="https://jito-foundation.gitbook.io/mev/mev-payment-and-distribution/faqs?ref=p2p.org">Jitoās documentation</a>.</p><h3 id="about-p2p">About P2P</h3><p>P2P Validator began in 2018 with a mission to positively influence the development of POS technologies. At the time of the latest update, more than 750 million USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over 35,000 delegators across 40+ networks. We work closely with each network we support to push the developments of each project to new limits. <br></p><p>Beginning as seed investors and validating from the genesis block, we have shown tremendous support to the Solana ecosystem since day one and are now trusted with over $120m under management. Our proficiency is shown not only by our excellent validating track record & our published research papers written on network performance (<a href="https://www.stakingrewards.com/journal/solana-validators-performance-research-report-part-1-downtime-analysis/?ref=p2p.org">Downtime</a>, <a href="https://www.stakingrewards.com/journal/solana-validators-performance-research-report-part-2-skip-rate-analysis/?ref=p2p.org">Skip Rate</a>) to improve the network health and development, but also by our involvement across projects including <a href="https://portalbridge.com/?ref=p2p.org#/transfer">Wormhole Bridge</a>, <a href="https://pyth.network/?ref=p2p.org">Pyth</a>, and <a href="https://neon-labs.org/?ref=p2p.org">Neon EVM</a> to help build Solanaās network infrastructure.<br></p>
from p2p validator
<!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><p>Table of Contents</p> <ul> <li><a href="#T1"><span style=" font-size:16px"> What is Solana (SOL) Staking? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T2"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Why Stake Solana (SOL) with P2P? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T3"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards & Fees<br> </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T4"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana (SOL) Warm-up & Reward Distribution Frequency </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T5"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana (SOL) Undelegation Period </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T6"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Partially Delegating and Undelegating Solana (SOL) with Solflare </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T7"><span style=" font-size:16px"> How to Track my Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards<br> </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T8"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Monitoring Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards Using Solflare Wallet </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T9"><span style=" font-size:16px"> How Do I Claim Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards? </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T10"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana Liquid staking </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T11"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solflare + Ledger Solana (SOL) Staking Guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T12"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solflare Solana (SOL) Staking Guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T13"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Phantom Solana (SOL) Staking Guide </span></a></li> <li><a href="#T14"><span style=" font-size:16px"> Solana (SOL) Staking FAQ </span></a></li> </ul> <h2 id="what-is-solana-sol-staking-a-namet1a">What is Solana (SOL) Staking? <a name="T1"></a></h2> <p>When staking Solana (SOL) you are supporting the network with the additional benefit of compounding your SOL!</p> <p>Staking SOL is the process of holding SOL "stake" to partake and support the operations in the Solana network to receive rewards. In order to be a "Validator" and participate in these operations, one is required to maintain a server running continuously, technological knowhow, experience, and have a significant self-bond (surety bond).<br> This is where P2P Validator comes in, we allow SOL token holders to forget about all the heavy lifting i.e maintenance, surety bonds etc. by "delegating" their holdings to P2P to receive these rewards. We accumulate users' stake and act as a major validation node, receiving and allocating staking rewards between our users pro rata to the delegation.</p> <p>Users that chose to stake with P2P maintain full custody of their SOL at all times and P2P will never have access to them.</p> <h2 id="why-stake-solana-sol-with-p2p-a-namet2a">Why Stake Solana (SOL) with P2P? <a name="T2"></a></h2> <p>P2P is a leading Solana validator with more than 4 million in staked SOL, the highest network reliability & low staking fees. We monitor and maintain Solana nodes to ensure maximum efficiency for SOL stakers.</p> <p>As we are SOL seed investors, it is very important to define the best means of network management and development. Our technical team has been involved in all of the Tour de Sol dry runs with the highest efficiency and has participated in all of TdS and SLP. We are a major player in all networks we support because of our experience, commitments and our reputation. We pay special attention to the process of governance. Our aim is to provide a secure and reliable service at the lowest cost maximising rewards for our delegators.</p> <h3 id="so-why-stake-sol-with-p2p">So why stake SOL with P2P?</h3> <ul> <li>High performance: low skip rate, high uptime</li> <li>Own Skin in the game with 2M+ SOL</li> <li>Secure, non-custodial staking</li> <li>Solana seed investors and contributors.</li> <li>Experienced DevOpsās team (Working with Solana from 2019)</li> <li>Ecosystem contributors (Solana Wormhole Hackaton winners)</li> <li>24/7 monitoring of machine and protocol metrics</li> </ul> <p>P2P Validator provides additional benefits for Stakers with more than 100k SOL, making it the best place for large investors. Get in touch with us here to learn more about how we can address your staking needs.</p> <h2 id="solana-sol-staking-rewards-fees-a-namet3a">Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards & Fees <a name="T3"></a></h2> <p>You will be earning an estimated 7% APR when staking Solana (SOL) with P2P.</p> <p>In order to run the staking infrastructure, we charge a 7% fee on your rewards. The rewards after taking the fee into consideration will therefore be 6.51%.</p> <p>Example:</p> <p>I delegate 1000 SOL to P2P</p> <p>Reward: 10007% = 70 SOL<br> Fee = 707% = 4.9 SOL</p> <p>Estimated balance after 1 year = 1000+70-4.9 = 1065.1 SOL</p> <p>Please keep in mind that the APR specified is approximate and changes along with network conditions.</p> <h2 id="solana-sol-warm-up-reward-distribution-frequency-a-namet4a">Solana (SOL) Warm-up & Reward Distribution Frequency <a name="T4"></a></h2> <p>One epoch in the SOL network lasts approximately 2-3 days.</p> <p>You will start earning rewards once your delegation goes from activating to effective, which takes one full epoch. You will then receive your rewards in the following epoch.</p> <p>Lets assume you select to delegate your SOL in epoch E1:</p> <p>E1: Your SOL is activating (up to approx. 2-3 days)<br> E2: Your SOL is effective (approx. 2-3 days)<br> E3: Receive your rewards for epoch E2</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/1-2.png" alt="Reward frequency"> </p> <p>Once your SOL stake is active, you will receive rewards every epoch. Rewards will automatically be added and compounded to your staked balance.</p> <h2 id="solana-sol-undelegation-period-a-namet5a">Solana (SOL) Undelegation Period <a name="T5"></a></h2> <p>One epoch in the SOL network lasts around 2-3 days.</p> <p>It takes one full epoch to deactivate your SOL delegation - once finished you will be able to withdraw it. This will include your original stake and any rewards you earned.</p> <p>Lets assume you select to undelegate your SOL in epoch E1:</p> <p>E1: Will start deactivating your Stake.<br> E2: Stake is undelegated and is available to withdaw.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/2-2.png" alt="Undelegation Period"> </p> <h2 id="partially-delegating-and-undelegating-solana-sol-with-solflare-a-namet6a">Partially Delegating and Undelegating Solana (SOL) with Solflare <a name="T6"></a></h2> <h3 id="main-authority-and-staking-accounts">Main Authority and Staking accounts</h3> <p>In Solflare you have a main authority address where you can transfer SOL to and from your staking account(s).</p> <p>Main authority account can be found on your "Portfolio page".</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image1.png" alt="Main Authority account"> </p> <p>You cannot transfer SOL directly from one staking account to another without first going through your main authority address. Staking accounts are used in order to delegate your SOL to validators.</p> <p>Staking accounts can be found on your "Staking page". In the image below you can see that I have created three staking accounts. Two are activating (meaning my delegation transaction has been confirmed buy my stake is in the warming up period), and one is inactive (not staking).</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image7.png" alt="Staking accounts"> </p> <p>Only the full amount in a staking account can be delegated or undelegated. IE within one staking account, you will not be able to input a specific amount to partially delegate or undelegate. Furthermore, delegating and undelegating have warm-up and cool-down periods respectively. For these two reasons, it is important to understand the options available to partially undelegate your SOL with staking accounts to avoid waiting.</p> <p>For example if you have 100 SOL being delegated in a staking account and you want to undelegate and withdraw 50 SOL, it would be a waste of time to undelegate 100 SOL and wait for the cool down, withdraw 50 SOL out of your account, and then delegate 50 SOL again and wait for the warm-up. During the warm-up period you will not be earning rewards.</p> <p>Fortunately, Solflare has created the option to split a staking account, which provides a solution to partially delegate or undelegate your SOL without wasting time and rewards.</p> <h3 id="splitting-accounts">Splitting accounts</h3> <p>You can only delegate or undelegate the full amount - as opposed to a partial amount - in a staking account. To delegate or undelegate a partial amount you have the option to "split" your staking account. This will take a staking account and it will split it into two seperate ones, with the new account being transferred the split amount of SOL. Both accounts will keep the same status as it had before (delegating, activating, or inactive).</p> <ol> <li>To find the split function, first select your account and then "SPLIT".</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image24.png" alt="Split Solflare account"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>Input the amount that you would like to move out of your staking account into the new one.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image10.png" alt="Split amount"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li> <p>Confirm the transaction.</p> </li> <li> <p>Once your new staking account has been created with the split amount, you can undelegate or delegate the SOL there.</p> </li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image13.png" alt="Delegate/Undelegate SOL"> </p> <p>You will then have to wait the cooldown period before your funds are available to withdraw.</p> <h2 id="how-to-track-my-solana-sol-staking-rewards-a-namet7a">How to Track my Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards <a name="T7"></a></h2> <p>To track your rewards you can use the Solana beach explorer. This explorer allows you to track any transactions made on any address on the Solana blockchain.</p> <p>Note that some wallets, like Solflare, have a table of your staking rewards integrated in their wallet already (more info here). However, this guide will allow anyone to be able to track their SOL rewards regardless of which wallet provider they use and which validator they selected to stake with.</p> <h3 id="track-your-rewards">Track your rewards</h3> <p>First you will need to find your staking accounts address to input into the Solana beach explorer. It will be a series of 44 characters and numbers.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image8.png" alt="Solana beach"> </p> <p>Once you have searched for your staking accounts address, scroll down and select "Stake Rewards". Here you will be provided a table with your rewards for each epoch.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image2.png" alt="Stake rewards"> </p> <p>That's it! Remember that if you have any questions along the way or would like to share some feedback, please dont hesitate to contact us as we will be more than happy to help.</p> <h2 id="monitoring-solana-sol-staking-rewards-using-solflare-wallet-a-namet8a">Monitoring Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards Using Solflare Wallet <a name="T8"></a></h2> <p>You can track the staking rewards on your Solflare staking account. In order to do so, simply go to the staking page on Solflare and select the staking account address you are interested in.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image18.png" alt="Stake Solflare"> </p> <p>Details will appear, showing your reward payouts for each epoch that you were actively delegating.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image17.png" alt="Reward payouts"> </p> <p>For all past epochs, you will be able to view:</p> <ul> <li>Epoch</li> <li>Amount of rewards earned</li> <li>Balance update</li> <li>APR</li> <li>Commission charged</li> <li>Date the reward was received</li> </ul> <h2 id="how-do-i-claim-solana-sol-staking-rewards-a-namet9a">How Do I Claim Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards? <a name="T9"></a></h2> <p>One epoch in Solana lasts approximately 2-3 days.</p> <p>With your effective staked SOL, you will receive rewards every 2-3 days and it will automatically be added and compounded to your staked amount.</p> <p>If you want to withdraw your rewards, you will have to first undelegate your stake.</p> <h2 id="solana-liquid-staking-a-namet10a">Solana Liquid staking <a name="T10"></a></h2> <p>The pillar of P2P's core principals has since the beginning been decentralization. We believe that cryptocurrencies and the whole emerging industry surrounding it was built upon this.</p> <p>We believe in the benefits and the work being done on liquid staking solutions for this emerging industry and this is why we are proud to be not only one of the validators for LIDO's liquid Solana staking but also in charge of it's development.</p> <p>Liquid staking is a great way to build and develop new opportunities for the cryptocurrency industry to grow on both the staking and DeFI sectors.</p> <h2 id="solflare-ledger-solana-sol-staking-guide-a-namet11a">Solflare + Ledger Solana (SOL) Staking Guide <a name="T11"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Qc__wcHApIg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="solflare-solana-sol-staking-guide-a-namet12a">Solflare Solana (SOL) Staking Guide <a name="T12"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bJzPfYAIiNk" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><p>Before starting you will have to own some SOL - you can purchase it on multiple <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/rankings/exchanges/?ref=p2p.org">cryptocurrency exchanges</a>.</p> <h3 id="create-solflare-wallet">Create Solflare wallet</h3> <ol> <li>To create a wallet select "Access" on the Solflare page.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image30.png" alt="Solflare"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>Then select "Create a new wallet".</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image3.png" alt="Create new wallet"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li>Create a password that you will use to enter your wallet and to submit transactions. Select "Next" to proceed.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image19.png" alt="Create password"> </p> <ol start="4"> <li>Save your Mnemonic phrase somewhere secure! You will need this to recover your account to enter it from a new device or even from a new account on a browser, or potentially after a browser upgrade. If you lose it, you will lose access to your funds! Do not share this Mnemonic phrase with anyone, anyone who has access to it will have access to your funds!</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image6.png" alt="Save Mnemonic phrase"> </p> <ol start="5"> <li>Verify your Mnemonic phrase by typing it back in. Once completed, select "Verify".</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image4.png" alt="Verify Mnemonic phrase"> </p> <ol start="6"> <li>That's it your wallet has been created! After successfully completing the steps above, you will find yourself in the main menu of Solflare where you will find information about your wallet account address.</li> </ol> <h3 id="transfer-sol-to-your-wallet">Transfer SOL to your wallet</h3> <ol> <li>To find your receiving address select "Receive".</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image12.png" alt="Receive Address"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>A pop up window will appear with your Solflare main authority address, and alternatively a QR code. Use this receiving address to send your SOL to your Solflare wallet.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image35.png" alt="Receive SOL"> </p> <p>Once you have transferred funds into your main authority wallet, you are now ready to start Staking!</p> <h3 id="staking-solana">Staking Solana</h3> <ol> <li>To start staking, you must first go to the staking section of the wallet by selecting "Staking" on the top of the page. You will then be given three options, Liquid SOL Staking, Native SOL Staking, and SLRS Staking. Select "Native SOL Staking". You can find more information about Liquid SOL Staking on Lido's SOL Page. Lastly select "Start Staking".</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image37.png" alt="Staking SOL"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>A pop up window will appear. Input the amount you wish to stake and the validator you wish to stake with. Leave some SOL in your wallet to pay for transaction fees. Since they are very low at Solana, only a small amount is required.</li> </ol> <p>To find P2P Validator type it in the search bar. Select "Stake" to proceed.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image29.png" alt="Select P2P Validator"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li>You will then be prompted to enter your password one last time for security reasons.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image33.png" alt="Enter password"> </p> <ol start="4"> <li>Once your delegation transaction has been confirmed, you will see that your stake is activating. For more information on when you will start receiving rewards please refer to our SOL Warm-Up article.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image21.png" alt="Confirm delegation"> </p> <p>That's it! You are now delegating your SOL to P2P Validator. Note that your SOL are still fully in your custody, but you are delegating them to P2P to help us partake in network activities and you will be rewarded for your contribution!</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="phantom-solana-sol-staking-guide-a-namet13a">Phantom Solana (SOL) Staking Guide <a name="T13"></a></h2> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p align="center"> <iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TXZF78L-wPg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </p><!--kg-card-end: html--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><p>Before starting you will have to own some SOL - you can purchase it on multiple <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/rankings/exchanges/?ref=p2p.org">cryptocurrency exchanges</a>.</p> <h3 id="create-phantom-wallet-and-transfer-sol-to-it">Create Phantom Wallet and transfer SOL to it.</h3> <ol> <li>To start, you will want to download the Phantom extension on their <a href="https://phantom.app/?ref=p2p.org">page</a>.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image28.png" alt="Download phantom wallet"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>If the wallet page does not open up automatically after downloaded, you should select Phantom in your list of extensions. If you are using Google chrome, you can find your extension in the top right of the page.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image9.png" alt="Phantom wallet extension"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li>To create a wallet select "Create New Wallet"</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image31.png" alt="Create new Phantom wallet"> </p> <ol start="4"> <li>You will first be asked to save your Secrete Recovery Phrase. Save it somewhere secure! You will need this to recover your account to enter it from a new device or even from a new account on a browser, or potentially after a browser upgrade. If you lose it, you will lose access to your funds! Do not share this Secret Recovery Phrase with anyone, anyone who has access to it will have access to your funds!</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image27.png" alt="Save Secret Recovery Phrase"> </p> <ol start="5"> <li>Create a password that you will use to enter your wallet when you are logging in from the same device. Select "Save" to proceed.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image25.png" alt="Create a password for Phantom Wallet"> </p> <ol start="6"> <li>Once you have saved your password and proceeded to the next stages, you will have successfully created your wallet!</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image32.png" alt="Successfully create phantom wallet"> </p> <p>7.You will then want to transfer your SOL into your Phantom wallet where you will have fully custody of your SOL. To find your receiving address select "Receive".</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image5.png" alt="Receive SOL"> </p> <ol start="8"> <li>To find you wallet address select "Send from wallet / Exchange" or alternatively you can Deposit SOL straight from FTX.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image14.png" alt="Find Phantom Wallet Address"> </p> <ol start="9"> <li>Phantom will provide you with a QR code as well as a button to copy your wallet address. You can use this receiving address to send your SOL to your Phantom wallet.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image20.png" alt="Receive SOL on Phantom"> </p> <p>Once you have transferred funds into you main authority wallet, you are now ready to start Staking!</p> <h3 id="staking-solana">Staking Solana</h3> <ol> <li>To start start staking go back to the main page of your wallet and select Solana.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image22.png" alt="Start Staking SOL on Phantom Wallet"> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>Select "Start earning SOL".</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image26.png" alt="Start Earning SOL"> </p> <ol start="3"> <li>To find P2P Validator type it in the search bar. Select it to proceed.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image36.png" alt="Find P2P Validator"> </p> <ol start="4"> <li>Enter the amount you wish to stake and select "Stake" to send out the delegation transaction.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image23.png" alt="Enter SOL Staking Amount"> </p> <ol start="5"> <li>Phantom will create a separate staking account for your stake and then will delegate it to P2P Validator.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image15.png" alt="Staking Account"> </p> <ol start="6"> <li>Once you see this message, your delegation transaction has now successfully been sent out!</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image38.png" alt="SOL Staked"> </p> <ol start="7"> <li>You will see that your stake is activating. For more information on when you will start receiving rewards please refer to our SOL Warm-Up article.</li> </ol> <p align="center"> <img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2022/09/image11.png" alt="SOL Stake Activating"> </p> <p>That's it! You are now delegating your SOL to P2P Validator. Note that your SOL are still fully in your custody, but you are delegating them to P2P to help us partake in network activities and you will be rewarded for your contribution!</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><h2 id="solana-sol-staking-faq-a-namet14a">Solana (SOL) Staking FAQ <a name="T14"></a></h2> <h3 id="what-is-solana">What is Solana?</h3> <p>Solana is a high-performance permissionless blockchain solving scalability issues without sharding and suitable for decentralized applications requiring high throughput.</p> <h3 id="what-is-the-solana-staking-apr">What is the Solana staking APR?</h3> <p>The Solana staking reward is approximately 7%. More info here.</p> <h3 id="how-often-are-staking-rewards-distributed">How often are staking rewards distributed?</h3> <p>Solana staking rewards are paid out to stakers approximately every epoch (2-3 days). More info here.</p> <h3 id="is-there-an-unstaking-period">Is there an unstaking period?</h3> <p>It can take up to 3 days for your SOL tokens to be transferable. More info here.</p> <h3 id="is-there-a-slashing-risk-for-validators">Is there a slashing risk for validators?</h3> <p>There is currently no slashing risk for Solana validators.</p> <h3 id="is-there-a-minimum-staking-amount-for-solana">Is there a minimum staking amount for Solana?</h3> <p>There is no minimum staking amount for SOL stakers.</p> <h3 id="do-staking-rewards-compound">Do staking rewards compound?</h3> <p>Yes, Solana staking rewards are compounded automatically.</p> <h3 id="what-is-the-solana-inflation-rate">What is the Solana inflation rate?</h3> <p>The Solana network inflation rate is approximately 8% per year.</p> <!--kg-card-end: markdown-->
from p2p validator
<p>Lido applies the same mission to all blockchains they participate in - to make staking simple, secure, and decentralized. Ā Each of the networks has its own specifics when it comes to "what a good validator set meansā.</p><p>We propose a new way of developing the Lido validator's set on Solana and in our opinion, a sustainable and solid set should follow 3 principles:</p><p><strong>1. Validator set should be decentralized</strong></p><p>According to <a href="https://solanabeach.io/validators?ref=p2p.org">Solana Beach</a>, there are currently 1,788 validators on Solana, giving the network a Nakamoto Coefficient of 25. This means that the top 25 validators control enough staked Solana to collude and attack the network. The<a href="https://spl.solana.com/stake-pool?ref=p2p.org"> staking pool program</a> emerged with the goal to redistribute the stakes more evenly across the network. In our view, to create a decentralized set, we must adhere to the following rules:</p><ul><li>Increase the number of independent entities that create and maintain infrastructure for the network.</li><li>Increase censorship resistance by reducing the concentration of stake in the same data centers and jurisdictions.</li><li>Not distribute stake to the superminority group of validators.</li></ul><p>To make the Lido on Solana validator set more decentralized we plan to:</p><ul><li>Not add validators nodes from the superminority group to the Lido validator set</li><li>Increase the number of distributed nodes in the pool by removing barriers in the form of 100% commission nodes.</li><li>Bring in validators from other ecosystems and non-crypto projects.</li><li>Train new operators to configure and run nodes.</li><li>Assist validators with server configuration and data center location.</li><li>Onboard independent validators into the Solana cluster and Lido pool</li></ul><p><strong>2.</strong> <strong><strong>The set must be attractive for validators</strong></strong></p><p>To ensure a highly available and secure staking infrastructure, it is critical to consider the long-term sustainability of the operator and the ability to fund new equipment. Operators are responsible for managing risks, maintaining their node, ensuring the highest uptime possible, troubleshooting errors. To make the set more attractive to validators, we must adhere to the following rules:</p><ul><li>Operators must earn well enough to build a profitable, reliable staking business.</li><li>Validator nodes must be able to participate in subsidy programs (ex. SFDP)</li><li>Operators should receive marketing support to attract stakes.</li></ul><p>To make the Lido on Solana validator set more attractive to validators, we will do the following:</p><ul><li>Change the <a href="https://github.com/ChorusOne/solido?ref=p2p.org">smart contract</a> by removing 100% of nodes and adding the ability to use a public node in a cluster to participate in the Lido program</li><li>Create a P&L tool to calculate validator yield and share it with the community.</li><li>Provide marketing support to validators in Lidoās set to increase the stake on their public node and help to build a profitable staking business.</li></ul><p><strong>3. <strong>The validator set has to bring value to the network</strong></strong></p><p>Validator performance metrics are, in our opinion, one of the most important criteria for developing the Solana ecosystem. The faster, cheaper, and more sustainable the network, the easier it is to attract investments, partners, and NFT/DeFi/P2E project developers, leading to the development of a sustainable community and product ecosystem. Ā For DeFi users, speed of transactions is important; for oracles, the ability to quickly provide more detailed data on a large number of quotes; for developers, a better user experience; for stakers, greater rewards on average and higher SOL price growth potential<strong>.</strong></p><p>To make the set more productive and sustainable the following rules should be adhered to:</p><ul><li>Operators must understand the value of metrics and be able to compare their performance with the best on the network</li><li>Operators must be notified about software updates</li><li>Operators must understand how to update without downtime</li></ul><p>To make the Lido on Solana validator set more stable and productive, we will do the following:</p><ul><li>Publish our vision of "good validator" performance metrics</li><li>Make a public dashboard displaying validator metrics</li><li>Make a system of alerts for problems with validator performance in the pool</li><li>Conduct education and share best practices for validator management in Solana</li></ul><h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2><p>There are ~384.5M SOL staked on the Solana network, of which only ~9.7M SOL is distributed among various staking pools. P2P has partnered with Lido and stSOL since their launch as a validator and has been involved in the development of TVL in collaboration with Lido through incentives, integrations, and more. We see great potential for the development of liquid staking, which will increase economic activity and the speed of the economy in a decentralized network. Ā </p><p>Three key principles will form the basis of our new strategy:</p><ul><li>Truly decentralize the validator network by simplifying entry and adding validators from other ecosystems.</li><li>Make the network economically attractive for validators by dropping 100% nodes and marketing support from Lido</li><li>Ensure that the validator set works better for the network to ensure transactions are passed and various applications are running on the network. </li></ul><p>If you have ideas or suggestions for achieving our principles, we are always open to community feedback and consider it very important.</p><p>Join the new validator set! Together we will make Solana even more decentralized and sustainable!</p><p><br></p><p><br></p>
from p2p validator
<p><br>On April 11, P2P took ownership of Lido on Solana becoming the new team in charge of its growth and development, with the goal to build-out the project in alignment with Lidoās, Solanaās and P2Pās values. <br><br>Liquid Solana Staking was launched on Lido in September 2021 with the collaboration of Chorus One as an initiative to grow the presence of Lido across staking networks. Thanks to the members involved, the project has reached 3,000,000+ SOL staked and achieved numerous stSOL integrations. P2P has been involved since the beginning of the year, participating in boosting TVL in collaboration with Lido through their incentivization program, Liquidity Providers launches and Protocols integrations.</p><p>Due to some organisational changes at Chorus One, a <a href="https://research.lido.fi/t/lido-on-solana-proposed-transition-from-chorus-one-to-p2p/1887?ref=p2p.org">proposal was passed</a> to transfer the ownership of Lido on Solana to P2P. <br><br>āWe are incredibly grateful to Chorus One for all their hard work on the development and initial launch of the project, they have laid a solid foundation for us to grow its success and presence within the flourishing Solana ecosystem.ā - <strong><em>Vasiliy Shapovalov, CTO at P2P</em></strong><br><br>The exact terms and timelines of the transition to P2P can be found here: <a href="https://research.lido.fi/t/lido-on-solana-proposed-transition-from-chorus-one-to-p2p/1887?ref=p2p.org">Lido on Solana - Proposed Transition from Chorus One to P2P.</a><br><br>Lots of work still needs to be done. Solana was among the networks with the highest growth in 2021 (going up to 6th in market cap) and the requirements and standards of the community are high.<br><br><em>āP2P Team has outstanding staking expertise in Solana. We will do our best to make Lido on Solana highly valuable for the ecosystem by improving validator conditions and standards, driving the DeFi ecosystem and increasing new users growthā </em><br>- <em><strong>Nikolai Abeliashev, Product Manager for Lido on Solana </strong></em><br><br>P2P Validator Ā have cemented themselves as one of the pillars of the staking community, working closely with each network to achieve maximum growth.<br></p><h2 id="plan-to-be-executed"><strong>Plan to be executed</strong></h2><p><br>As an initiative to improve Solanaās network performance & security, and to empower the community, P2P plans to focus on improving Solana Network decentralisation by bringing new node operators and increasing the number of validators part of the Supermajority (a large group of validators that together control 66.66% of the total stake) into Solana on Lidoās set. The decision to add new node operators will be based on validator historic performance (parameters to be annotated soon), ecosystem participation and general validating experience purchased. Through educational programs and clear performance metrics, P2P will ensure a high standard of operations that will be available on a public dashboard with open validator performance data. Lastly, by providing clear commission instructions and by balancing the number of validators and stakes in the pool, P2P plans to fairly distribute the profitability for validators. <br><br>Further, with $300+ million in staked SOL, Lido on Solana can expand its presence within the <a href="https://solana.lido.fi/defi?ref=p2p.org">Solana Defi Community</a> further through unique integrations with value-adding protocols, wallets and dapps, incentivisation programs and community initiatives.</p><p>A dedicated team has been set up to carry out the above plan and ensure what was promised, is delivered.<br><br>With Lido on Solana under new ownership, exciting times are ahead for the project. Ā Quality & performance improvements, transparency of validation, boosting DeFi economics, and of course attracting more users are all in this year's goals.</p><h2 id="what-is-sol-liquid-staking"><br><strong>What is SOL liquid staking?</strong></h2><p><br>Liquid staking allows participants to earn staking rewards without the need to lock their assets or the need to maintain the infrastructure required.</p><p>stSOl is Lidoās liquid staking token for Solana. With it users can earn staking rewards while being able to participate in DeFi protocols at the same time. stSOL can also be exchanged at any time for SOL to let users instantly unstake their tokens without the need to wait for the cooldown. Unstaking directly from Lido is still possible but you are subject to the 3 day cooldown before you get access to your tokens.</p><p>stSOL is a wrapped token, this means that when staking with LIDO your staking rewards accrue to the wrapper and the value of stSOL increases over time. The current exchange rate of stSOL - SOl can be found in the <a href="https://solana.lido.fi/?ref=p2p.org">staking page</a> at all times.</p><p>stSOL can be used in a variety of expanding DeFI protocols across the Solana ecosystem. A list of guides for different protocols can be found <a href="https://help.lido.fi/en/collections/3275637-liquid-staking-on-solana?ref=p2p.org">here</a>. With liquid staking you can earn additional income on your tokens, while still earning staking rewards. For example, you can provide liquidity on a stSOL - SOL trading pair to earn fees from the pool on top of the staking rewards. Lido on Solana are looking to expand the number of protocols and use cases for stSOL so keep an eye out for new developments on their social media channels.</p><div class="kg-card kg-button-card kg-align-center"><a href="https://lido.fi/solana?ref=p2p.org" class="kg-btn kg-btn-accent">Get started by visiting Lido on Solana! </a></div><p></p><h2 id="about-p2p-validator"><strong>About P2P Validator </strong></h2><p><br>P2P Validator began in 2018 with a mission to positively influence the development of POS technologies. Since our launch we have developed to become one of the largest staking service providers with more than 25,000 investors across 25+ different networks. We work closely with each network we support to push the developments of each project to new limits. We are firm believers in the value of decentralisation and participate in active governance across all supported networks to ensure the interests of the community are supported. We were honoured to be chosen as one of the validators for networks like Solana, Cosmos and Polkadot since the genesis block, a feat that shows the vote of confidence on P2P's ability to keep networks secure.</p><p>Beginning as seed investors and validating from the genesis block, we have shown tremendous support to the Solana ecosystem since day one and are now trusted with over $400m under management. Our proficiency is shown not only by our excellent validating track record & our published research papers written on network performance (<a href="https://www.stakingrewards.com/journal/solana-validators-performance-research-report-part-1-downtime-analysis/?ref=p2p.org">Downtime</a>, <a href="https://www.stakingrewards.com/journal/solana-validators-performance-research-report-part-2-skip-rate-analysis/?ref=p2p.org">Skip Rate</a>, more to come) to improve the network health and development, but also by our involvement across projects including <a href="https://portalbridge.com/?ref=p2p.org#/transfer">Wormhole Bridge,</a> <a href="https://pyth.network/?ref=p2p.org">Pyth</a>, and <a href="https://neon-labs.org/?ref=p2p.org">Neon EVM</a> to help build Solanaās network infrastructure.</p><hr><p>If you have any questions, feel free to join our<a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org"> Telegram chat</a>, we are always open for communication.<br><br><br><br><br></p>
from p2p validator
<p>Welcome to the first article in the series of publications on the Solana validators performance research by P2P Validator. In our opinion, performance of the Solana network validators is one of the most important aspects which determine the network growth and sustainability. Our team has done a deep dive into this topic and we want to share insights gained to benefit the Solana community. </p><p>The research is devoted to the analysis of the two most important metrics reflecting Solana network validatorsā performance: downtime duration (node delinquency/unavailability duration) and skip rate (measuring how frequently a node fails to produce a transaction block which is subsequently confirmed by consensus on the network). </p><p>In this article we reveal the first part of the research findings regarding analysis of downtime. You can find <a href="https://www.stakingrewards.com/journal/solana-validators-performance-research-report-part-2-skip-rate-analysis/?ref=p2p.org">Part 2 here</a>, covering block skip rate analysis results. </p><h2 id="table-of-contents">Table of contents</h2><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><ul> <li><a href="#preface">Preface</a></li> <li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="#solana-validators-downtime">Solana validators downtime</a></li> <li><a href="#factors-influencing-downtime-duration">Factors influencing downtime duration</a></li> <li><a href="#downtime-data-analysis">Downtime data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="#nodes-downtime-duration-by-epochs">Nodes downtime duration by epochs</a></li> <li><a href="#supermajority-and-superminority-validators-comparison">Supermajority and superminority validators comparison</a></li> <li><a href="#downtime-duration-distribution-for-updates-and-other-causes">Downtime duration distribution for updates and other causes</a></li> <li><a href="#average-update-time-by-solana-software-versions">Average update time by Solana software versions</a></li> <li><a href="#summary">Summary</a></li> <li><a href="#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> <li><a href="#disclaimer">Disclaimer</a></li> <li><a href="#sources-of-data">Sources of data</a></li> </ul> <!--kg-card-end: markdown--><h2 id="preface">Preface</h2><p>All data used for analysis in the research were obtained from publicly available sources such as Solana JSON RPC API, Solanabeach API, Validators.app API and are relevant for Mainnet beta epochs ā194-236 unless another epoch or time period is explicitly specified.</p><h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2><p>Solana is a relatively new (went live in March 2020) public high-performance distributed blockchain platform curated by Solana Foundation (non-profit organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland) along with professional blockchain developers, organizations and individuals running validator and RPC nodes and DevOps specialists from all over the world who are dedicated to the decentralization, growth, and security of the Solana network.</p><p>Solana is one of blockchains that aims to be fast and scalable, without compromising its security or decentralization. Its theoretical throughput limit of 50k transactions per second (TPS) which is twice more than VISAās limit, which means it can be used for many real-time applications in various business areas. Solana mainnet has already handled more than 35 billion transactions with current throughput exceeding 2000 TPS (see Figure 1) due to high demand for its capabilities and various use cases including: ultra-fast on-chain payments, token creation and distribution, staking through delegation to network validators, smart-contracts, NFTs issuance and trading. Solana ecosystem also provides many different DeFi services such as decentralized exchange, token swaps, liquidity farming and bridging ensuring cross-chain interoperability with other blockchains.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/VYf4yl-UeoEH2-bfH8v7ACSsiTxl2n6d4TM46f_sAKeOUwW_rRCkSelwlOGzzqb9uTXHyj5YQKAK-Wk3XSZDJZLg5EK94MuogDL1J-DWXv5oW8awbwR-tptoGxwmCvY2LYTYlg3L" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 1. Solanaās TPS on 27.10.2021 (see <a href="https://explorer.solana.com/?ref=p2p.org">explorer.solana.com</a> for live data).</em></figcaption></figure><p></p><p>There are currently more than 1000 independent validators and 800 RPC nodes (see Figure 2) which comprise a physical layer for above mentioned functionality while making the network highly secure and decentralized. Each validator supports the network's operation by providing <a href="https://docs.solana.com/running-validator/validator-reqs?ref=p2p.org">high-end hardware resources</a> and properly configuring their systems to keep the network running as fast and smooth as possible.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/78LCSkFGLBansse0T67-5AmbeRFdQkV4tnzyPE06EXNouo_Kr28DMAXKOv7DiFUo-7m05j0ntYPc0RbblbubK4aLwMSUfr3jgFb17XdETt55bJar-v6s19xi2HrZsfJCpkTQK0jq" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 2. Solana validator nodes map (see <a href="https://solanabeach.io/?ref=p2p.org">https://solanabeach.io/</a> for live data).</em></figcaption></figure><p></p><p>Validators receive SOL tokens from stakers, participate in the consensus-based process of transactions validation, get rewards proportional to delegated stake amount and distribute these rewards to stakers (proportionally to staked shares) charging a variable commission. The more stake is delegated to a validator, the more this validator (and its delegators) earns and is more frequently chosen to process new transactions on the ledger and, thus, exposed to greater hardware and network load. Thus, on the one hand, validators are economically motivated to keep their hardware and software running without interruptions, and, on the other, to timely update Solana software and to improve their nodes and network connection as their stake and the Solana network load increase.</p><h1 id="solana-validators-downtime">Solana validators downtime</h1><p>It is normal for a node to be temporarily unavailable/offline sometimes as every technical system needs periodic maintenance and reconfiguration. Typical reasons for server unavailability are usually quite simple such as planned reboot to update host configuration or software, an emergency (power outage), network problems in the data center or at the provider.</p><p>The longer a node is unavailable, the fewer staking rewards and transaction fees it receives. Staking rewards are paid proportionally to nodeās vote transactions count which it cannot post if it is offline or functioning incorrectly. Validator Ā downtime negatively affects its delegatesā rewards, which is why one should consider checking validator recent downtime duration history before delegating to it.</p><p>During periods of downtime an unavailable validator is assigned the ādelinquentā status which can be checked using Solana CLI <em>solana validators</em> command or by parsing corresponding json response (<em>solana --output json validators</em>). By constantly fetching statuses of all validators on the network it is possible to measure delinquency periods durations which is a good approximation for downtime duration for further quantitative analysis. The downtime data analyzed is available through the <a href="https://redash.p2p.org/public/dashboards/ZEW9RvuBXPdYHUU5aC7DfVjY8DJaXQrGenG2HUmo?org_slug=default&ref=p2p.org">public Redash dashboard</a>.</p><h2 id="factors-influencing-downtime-duration">Factors influencing downtime duration</h2><p>There are many factors influencing downtime duration and these are typical ones:</p><ul><li>node operator reaction time (node operators may or may not use specialized monitoring and alerting systems);</li><li>node operator skill (imagine the difference between inexperienced enthusiasts and mature professionals who are working with such high-load systems for years);</li><li>time to repair breakdowns in the power grid or communication network (which does not depend on a node operator);</li><li>time needed to debug and fix specific configuration errors or replace hardware parts;</li><li>complexity and duration of software update (i.e., different Solana versions take different time to install), node startup duration, etc.</li></ul><p>Despite most of these factors can not be measured directly, we have managed to collect and analyse some important on-chain data related to the topic, which allowed to quantitatively describe several aspects regarding Solana network nodes unavailability such as downtime duration statistics over time, its variability across nodes as well as duration of node software updates.</p><h2 id="downtime-data-analysis">Downtime data analysis</h2><p>Here we illustrate retrospective downtime statistics of Solana nodes that were active in the period from epoch ā209 (5th of August, 2021) to epoch ā236 (17th of October, 2021). Historical data allow to reveal trends in the dynamics of downtime making it easier to understand the normal behavior of the metric as well as to identify abnormal fluctuations.</p><h3 id="nodes-downtime-duration-by-epochs">Nodes downtime duration by epochs</h3><p>The descriptive statistics for downtime duration by epochs are presented in the Figure 3 below. Quantile values of 5%- and 95%-level reflect the maximum downtime among the top 5 and top 95 percent of validators, respectively, for each epoch. Average downtime is the simple arithmetic mean and median defines a downtime duration which divides the top 50 and worst 50 percent of validators.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/aQCsTug3snvF4n1VUW3AXUBYvC6FytRw5Q2ICuSuMsZMr8RGjpyI-ylB6CZK8qU8WR5EKHnBNMPfMBsV6CXTN7UM_sMO3k_QPjq5JhoVDPJW0dEU6FTJUr0skrGCbjcKdpVQAB5m" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 3. Downtime mean (cyan line), median (lilac), 5%-quantile (red), 95%-quantile (green) and its actual values for each node (black transparent dots) over epochs.</em></figcaption></figure><p><br>As can be seen from the chart above, <strong>typical average downtime duration for a node is around 1.5 hours</strong>, which is quite low, while <strong>median downtime duration is almost always zero</strong> (which means that most nodes usually donāt experience shutdowns). Also there were several epochs (ā214, 223 and 234) with high downtime duration upticks mainly due to simultaneous upgrades of Solana software version. Epoch 223 is especially interesting as it is known that on 14 of September, 2021, the Solana network experienced a <a href="https://jumpcrypto.com/reflections-on-the-sept-14-solana-outage/?ref=p2p.org">severe overload which led to the network halt</a>, and after a successful network restart almost all the nodes had to update to a new Solana version with the necessary fixes.</p><h3 id="dispersion-of-downtime-duration">Dispersion of downtime duration</h3><p>As many factors affect downtime duration, it varies greatly across validators within the same epoch. The dispersion measures indicate the metricās spread magnitude which is slightly changing over time as shown in Figure 4.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/pYyFq6WJf7ZUvigy7YMAFPcT0e9OISiG4_mNYWZLs-N_c7vUrs09jUb9wtgCxgH4OqNIAppwlrjif3vupB0ZWDAtSc2mv8gI8ixFAkvcVVYs859GnOtTiXvGN5SQSDjPA2ql9Hjv" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 4. Measures of dispersion of downtime duration over time: interquartile range (red line) representing difference between 25%- and 75%-quantiles of the metric and standard deviation (cyan) representing average deviation from mean.</em></figcaption></figure><p><br>It can be seen from the chart above that downtime duration dispersion across validator nodes is dropping slightly over time which indicates that validators, on average, have both lower downtime durations and lower deviations of the metric from the mean.</p><h3 id="supermajority-and-superminority-validators-comparison">Supermajority and superminority validators comparison</h3><p>Since the leading validators with a large stake amount take much more financial risks compared to the smaller ones, their nodes' technical characteristics are far better than of the majority. Therefore, it makes sense to compare performance of the superminority set of validators (the minimal set of validators that together control more than 33.33% of the total stake) with the rest falling into the supermajority set with 66.66% of total stake (see Figure 5).</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/pXXTHF4CC5szdub_hF8cYrIu_BpisJxblMbSODq5p4IWU7gdhGI5XXOyDGOLbATya7vLvaH0rDLWXJsLZY_D1OiAD9MpKSRR3ZkrB_oXBSagqZKNeAxlE1dik8nVo9moZvIN3aC6" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 5. Average downtime duration by epochs for superminority validators set (blue line), supermajority (green) and P2P Validator (red).</em></figcaption></figure><p><br>As the charts above represent, the supermajority is usually much worse in terms of average downtime duration, especially after epoch ā220, especially during hard times like epoch ā223, when the Solana network halted and most validators had to perform major software updates.</p><p>In contrast, superminority validators (especially P2P Validator) have an average downtime duration and an average number of downtimes (see Figure 6 below) that are much lower than for the supermajority, and there is a much smaller probability that a validator from the superminority set is offline for more than 5% of total epoch duration (see Figure 7 below).</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/vUWC-dbCA4C7q5xb2U29_ch4guExlxtY1-5QMdK8vTS9Ek_3lpPFnPFqV12qM2u8ErrpDUtgMfD4333AjhqiP1cPMqHfxGfZpaI-AmZGitsKPgLKJz5_dvesr5OMehcU1Mljfhvi" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 6. Average number of downtimes over epochs ā209-236 for the superminority (cyan line) and supermajority set of validators (red).</em></figcaption></figure><p></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ZQeA4Y0DFh4ontzVLbMRC2MNw_6Dh1_7oe8is52gxvxSWfROVrXbE2PjzlrbIOoT-hVp8pu9CkfuyhAH9ovBd2dUq1-yLrexjo2xwOKjXbJdsylkLYtfzUxD1Zh6J9r_hvkCsNLU" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 7. Share of validators with downtime duration greater than 5% of total epoch duration over epochs ā209-236 for superminority (cyan line) and supermajority set of validators (red).</em></figcaption></figure><h3 id="downtime-duration-distribution-for-updates-and-other-causes"><br>Downtime duration distribution for updates and other causes</h3><p>As it was described previously, downtimes may happen due to Solana node software updates as well as due to hardware upgrades and unexpected halts. The available on-chain data allows to distinguish between downtimes related to software updates and related to other causes and compare downtime duration distributions for the supermajority and superminority groups of validators.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/vKMR9AxmKV1-dm-jSA0f_mSFiEZV_oR0ur9g8_R5666r4z1vSn8OJcikdkq9La4l99IWwzLZgv-1OATphpDFbdEh2izdijhIDTmYTJ4GlpPPr7-vKAa-0HoaZXwhoNmzYu1ilpBJ" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 8. Downtime duration distribution (in logarithmic scale) unrelated to software updates for supermajority (green line), superminority (blue) set of validators and P2P Validator (red). Dashed lines of corresponding colors show the average downtime duration written nearby</em></figcaption></figure><p><br>According to the distributions of downtime duration not related to software updates (see Figure 8), validators groups are quite similar apart from the fact that supermajority validators are more likely to have very long outages that greatly increase the average value of downtime duration (69 vs. 34 minutes for the superminority group). It should be noted that even if the P2P Validator goes down (or delinquent), on average it happens for an extremely short time of 1.5 minutes.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Ho-gbXZDhA6SyHlPnJxSGrHE2F5x-Cn8HGwX0K30wuoibCH6Ay_Rx1Obq8D4Se3MoUATYUxICIKq-7RuKkZhcct1ARAUruNtCaGi4_1lNBsDEhJYpGS3Fao5osWpA1lV4oeWyYhC" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 9. Downtime duration distribution (in logarithmic scale) related to software updates for supermajority (green line), superminority (blue) set of validators and P2P Validator (red). Dashed lines of corresponding colors show the average downtime duration written nearby.</em></figcaption></figure><p><br>Concerning downtimes due to software updates (see Figure 9), the distributions for the groups differ considerably: for the superjmajority group there is much more variability in downtime duration when compared to the superminority and again supermajority validators frequently have much longer update times leading to higher average (195 vs. 76 minutes for superminority group). Superminority validators including the P2P Validator demonstrate high consistency in update duration presumably due to specific administration standards developed by professional engineers who operate these validators.</p><h3 id="average-update-time-by-solana-software-versions">Average update time by Solana software versions</h3><p>Different Solana node software versions vary significantly in the complexity and duration of the installation process, which directly affects the downtime duration associated with updates. Figure 10 below shows the average update time of Solana node software versions by validators from the supermajority and superminority groups.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/0ahrMb4jlGfbkVuMN5FNxFwdjqx5563dDEDqWSLqdpz0w9edfuUv7_Y6QWh0FFM704pbpyQHtmjKPTskVDj54VjWDgnPdARp5nSOnUiUueOuJq6BJbVUjpo45J66poJ8ZK26HX6c" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy"><figcaption><em>Figure 10. Average update time for different Solana node software versions.</em></figcaption></figure><p><br>Of all the most used versions of Solana node software, the update to version 1.6.25 took the longest for both supermajority (4.5 hours on average) and superminority (3.5 hours on average) validators. Long updates to versions 1.7.11 and 1.7.15 were performed only by validators from the supermajority group and took approximately 2-3 hours to complete. Overall, validators from the superminority group usually perform the updates significantly faster ensuring less rewards losses for them and their delegators.</p><h2 id="summary">Summary</h2><p>Downtime duration is a very important metric as it reflects Solana validators operators efficiency and influences rewards received by validators and their delegators as well as overall networkās stability and security. Solana Foundation and the network validators do everything they can to improve performance of nodes and quality of software that control nodes operation, and we can say with confidence that they do it very well, especially validators from superminority group thanks to the experience and professionalism of DevOps engineers.</p><h2 id="acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</h2><p>Authors of the report would like to express gratitude and appreciation for the <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">P2P Validator</a><strong> </strong>team whose guidance, support and encouragement have been invaluable throughout the research. We would also like to thank <a href="https://twitter.com/stephenakridge?ref=p2p.org">Stephen Akridge</a>, co-founder of Solana, <a href="https://twitter.com/vmulps?ref=p2p.org">Ruud van Asseldonk</a>, software engineer at Chorus One, and <a href="https://twitter.com/RDorzbach?ref=p2p.org">Robert Dƶrzbach</a>, product manager of the Solana Beach, for helpful advice, comments and corrections.</p><h2 id="disclaimer">Disclaimer</h2><p>Information presented in this report and referenced sources are for educational purposes only. It is not financial/investment advice. Seek a licensed professional for any financial advice. Authors of the report made every reasonable effort to ensure the accuracy and validity of the information provided. However, as price points, conditions, and information are continually changing, authors reserve the right to change at any time without notice, information contained in the report and make no warranties or representations as to its accuracy or up-to-dateness.</p><p>Authors of the report are employees of P2P Validator company which provides professional services and consulting for highly secure non-custodial staking across more than 25 blockchain networks, including the Solana network with mainnet and testnet validator nodes as well as RPC nodes. Therefore, P2P Validator is not a neutral party with its own business interests in the Solana ecosystem. Nevertheless, authors did their best to make the report as objective as possible with the main purpose in mind being to educate and inform the community.</p><h2 id="sources-of-data">Sources of data</h2><ol><li><a href="https://app.swaggerhub.com/apis-docs/V2261/solanabeach-backend_api/0.0.1?ref=p2p.org">https://app.swaggerhub.com/apis-docs/V2261/solanabeach-backend_api/0.0.1</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.solana.com/developing/clients/jsonrpc-api?ref=p2p.org">https://docs.solana.com/developing/clients/jsonrpc-api</a></li><li><a href="https://www.validators.app/api-documentation?ref=p2p.org">https://www.validators.app/api-documentation</a></li><li><a href="https://redash.p2p.org/public/dashboards/ZEW9RvuBXPdYHUU5aC7DfVjY8DJaXQrGenG2HUmo?org_slug=default&ref=p2p.org">https://redash.p2p.org/public/dashboards/ZEW9RvuBXPdYHUU5aC7DfVjY8DJaXQrGenG2HUmo?org_slug=default</a></li></ol><hr><h2 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h2><p>P2P Validator is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider <strong><strong>securing more than </strong>4<strong> billion USD value from over </strong>2<strong>0,000 delegators across 25+ high-class networks</strong></strong>. We are early investors in Solana and have supported the network from the first block taking part in all stages of testing and voting.</p><hr><p><strong><strong>Web</strong></strong>: <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org</a><br><strong><strong>Stake SOL with us</strong></strong>: <a href="https://p2p.org/solana?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org/solana</a><br><strong><strong>Twitter</strong></strong>: @p2pvalidator<br><strong><strong>Telegram</strong></strong>: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">t.me/P2Pstaking</a></p>
from p2p validator
<p><em>This post will outline incentives for Solana token holders to stake SOL and earn rewards by securing the network.</em></p><p><strong>Stake your SOL and earn up to 8% in staking rewards using our simple <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/stake-sol-solana-with-solflare-wallet-and-ledger/">step-by-step guide</a> for staking with Solflare Wallet and Ledger Nano S/X.</strong></p><p>Inflation has been enabled in <a href="https://p2p.org/solana?ref=p2p.org">Solana</a> allowing SOL delegators to earn rewards for contributing to the security and decentralisation of the network. </p><p>We've gathered the most important information related to SOL staking and inflation below. For more details, visit <a href="https://p2p.org/solana?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org/solana</a>. </p><h2 id="solana-inflation">Solana Inflation</h2><p>In order to compensate node operators for state validation and delegators for locking their funds, every epoch (~2-3 days), protocol issues new SOL based on emission rate called inflation. <strong>Every epoch staking rewards are added to the active stake automatically.</strong> Inflation parameter is defined on a protocol level representing annual emission percentage. The exact value of new minted SOL is recalculated every epoch based on the total supply.</p><p>Solana token emission is distributed among validator pools based on their stake weight in the network. Every epoch a special program on Solana calculates the weight of all active stakes and assigns points that are used to proportionally divide SOL rewards among participants for that period.</p><p>A decision about inflation rate value is very important for sustainable network growth. It should incentivize participants to stake, cover costs of operating for validators and at the same time avoid over dilution of network users. <strong>For the first year annual emission will constitute 8%</strong>. In the following years inflation percentage will be decreasing by 15% per year until emission reaches ~1,5%.</p><p>Another revenue source is derived from transaction fees. It is expected to be relatively low for the first years. In current implementation 50% of transaction fees is burned while the rest goes to the current leader who processed the transaction.</p><h2 id="sol-staking-rewards">SOL Staking Rewards</h2><p>With the enabling of Solana inflation, SOL token holders are now able to earn rewards on their staked tokens. </p><ul><li>The Solana <strong>inflation/emission rate</strong> will start at 8% and decrease by 15% annually until it reaches a long-term inflation of 1.5%.</li><li>The <strong>SOL rewards</strong> <strong>are</strong> <strong>distributed</strong> to delegators every epoch, which is approximately ~2 days.</li><li>The <strong>Solana</strong> <strong>warm-up period</strong> - the time taken for your SOL stake to start earning rewards is approximately ~2 days if the amount is less than 25% of staked tokens.</li><li>The <strong>Solana cool-down period</strong> - time for your stake to become liquid after you stop staking is approximately ~2 days if the amount is less than 25% of staked tokens.</li><li>Your staking <strong>rewards are compounded automatically</strong>. </li></ul><p>In the beginning all Solana staking rewards will be distributed to validator pools. In the future, additional percentages from total issuance can be directed to the ecosystem development purposes and archivers, network participants who provide storage service downloading parts of the ledger and providing proof of replication of storing the segments.</p><p>The efficiency of Solana staking from an economic perspective depends on the overall participation. The total issuance is distributed to active delegators. If less than all SOL are staked, delegators will receive higher rewards than initial inflation.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/Sol-infl.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="775" height="436" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/02/Sol-infl.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/02/Sol-infl.png 775w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>For every epoch (2 days), the annual staking yield can be calculated using the formula:</p><p><em>APY = inflation * archiver_share * foundation_share / staking_ratio</em>, where<br><em>staking_ratio = staked_tokens / total_supply</em></p><p>At time of launch, <em>archiver_share </em>and <em>foundation_share </em>are planned to be set to 0%, so 100% of emission will initially be going to validator pools. <strong>The</strong> f<strong>irst years will be the most attractive for Solana delegators representing an opportunity to increase the network share.</strong></p><p>With the development of staking derivatives it will be possible to generate additional yield on top of staking rewards.</p><hr><p><em>Special thanks to <a href="https://twitter.com/sciencethedata?ref=p2p.org">Eric Williams</a> for valuable additions. Having trouble getting started? Please get in touch with a P2P representative by emailing [email protected] or ask for assistance in our <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">Telegram chat</a>.</em></p><hr><h2 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h2><p>P2P Validator is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider <strong>securing more than 3 billion USD value from over 10,000 delegators across 25+ high-class networks</strong>. We are early investors in Solana and have supported the network from the first block taking part in all stages of testing and voting.</p><hr><p><strong>Web</strong>: <a href="https://p2p.org/?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org</a><br><strong>Stake SOL with us</strong>: <a href="https://p2p.org/solana?ref=p2p.org">p2p.org/solana</a><br><strong>Twitter</strong>: @p2pvalidator<br><strong>Telegram</strong>: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">t.me/P2Pstaking</a></p>
from p2p validator
<p>In this step-by-step guide, we'll walk you through how you can stake your Solana (SOL) using Solflare Wallet and Ledger Nano S/X. </p><p>To stake on the <a href="https://p2p.org/solana?ref=p2p.org">Solana Network</a>, you'll need to follow these simple steps:</p><ul><li>Install the Solana App on Ledger.</li><li>Connect your Ledger to Solflare wallet</li><li>Transfer SOL to your wallet (if you have not already done so)</li><li>Stake your SOL.</li></ul><h3 id="step-1-install-the-solana-app-on-ledger">Step 1. Install the Solana App on Ledger </h3><p>First of all, download the Ledger Live app on your device and connect the Ledger device. In Ledger Live, via Manager, search for <em>Solana</em> in the App catalog. Click on āInstallā. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-3.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1286" height="620" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-3.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/image-3.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-3.png 1286w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><blockquote><em>Make sure you always update to the latest version of the Solana application</em></blockquote><h3 id="step-2-connect-your-ledger-to-solflare-wallet">Step 2. Connect your Ledger to Solflare wallet</h3><p>Go to <a href="https://solflare.com/?ref=p2p.org">Solflare.com</a> and click "Access Wallet" button.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2023/12/image.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="1401" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2023/12/image.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2023/12/image.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2023/12/image.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2023/12/image.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Choose "Ledger" tab and click āContinueā.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-2.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1436" height="736" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-2.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/image-2.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-2.png 1436w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Choose the connected Ledger device and click on "Connect". Open the Solana App on your Ledger and connect your device.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-4.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1630" height="708" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-4.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/image-4.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2021/08/image-4.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-4.png 1630w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Select your address in the drop-down section.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-11.29.55.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1398" height="664" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-11.29.55.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-11.29.55.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-11.29.55.png 1398w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Create a password that you will use to enter your wallet and to submit transactions. Select "Next step" to proceed.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-11.31.45.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1400" height="672" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-11.31.45.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-11.31.45.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-11.31.45.png 1400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>After successfully completing the steps above, you will find yourself in the main menu of Solflare where you will find information about your wallet account address. Ā </p><h3 id="step-3-transfer-sol-to-your-account-skip-to-step-4-if-you-already-have-sol-in-your-wallet-">Step 3. Transfer SOL to your Account (skip to step 4 if you already have SOL in your wallet)</h3><p>You are now ready to transfer SOL to your account. Ā To find your receiving address select "Receive".</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-5.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="240" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-5.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/image-5.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2021/08/image-5.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2021/08/image-5.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>A pop up window will appear with your Solflare main authority address, and alternatively a QR code. Use this receiving address to send your SOL to your Solflare wallet.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-6.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1172" height="1194" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-6.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/image-6.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-6.png 1172w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Once you have transferred funds into you main authority wallet, you are now ready to start Staking!</p><h3 id="step-4-stake-your-sol">Step 4. Stake your SOL</h3><p>To start staking, you must first go to the staking section of the wallet by selecting "Staking" on the top of the page or select "Stake Solana" as indicated in the image below.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-7.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="688" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-7.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/image-7.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2021/08/image-7.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2021/08/image-7.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>You will then have to create a staking account. In the staking page select "Start Staking"</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-8.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1320" height="1408" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-8.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/image-8.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-8.png 1320w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>A pop up window will appear. Input the amount you wish to stake and the validator you wish to stake with. To find <em>P2P Validator</em> type it in the search bar. Select "Stake" to proceed.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-12.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1156" height="1088" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-12.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/image-12.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-12.png 1156w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><blockquote><em><em><em>Leave some SOL in your wallet to pay </em></em>for <em><em>transaction fees. Since they are very low at Solana, leaving ~1 SOL in your wallet in your account should be more than enough.</em></em></em></blockquote><p>You will then be prompted to enter your password one last time for security reasons. You will have to verify and confirm your delegation on your Ledger device. Navigating to āApproveā screen, then confirm by pressing both buttons on the device.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-15.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="854" height="1142" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-15.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-15.png 854w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Once your delegation transaction has been confirmed, you will see that your stake is activating. For more information on when you will start receiving rewards please refer to our <a href="https://help.p2p.org/en/articles/5245666-solana-sol-warm-up-period?ref=p2p.org">SOL Warm-Up</a> article.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/2021/08/image-16.png" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="2000" height="604" srcset="https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w600/2021/08/image-16.png 600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1000/2021/08/image-16.png 1000w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w1600/2021/08/image-16.png 1600w, https://p2p.org/economy/content/images/size/w2400/2021/08/image-16.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>That's it! You are now delegating your SOL to P2P Validator. Note that your SOL are still fully in your custody, but you are delegating them to P2P to help us partake in network activities and you will be rewarded for your contribution! You can find more information about Solana Rewards in the following page: <a href="https://help.p2p.org/en/articles/5242448-solana-sol-staking-rewards-fees?ref=p2p.org">Solana (SOL) Staking Rewards & Fees</a></p><p> <br>Some points worth noting:</p><ul><li><strong>Warm-up period</strong> (time until your stake starts earning rewards): ~2 days.</li><li><strong>Cool-down period</strong> (time for your stake to become liquid after you stopped staking): ~ 2 days.</li><li><strong>The current inflation</strong> rate is 8%</li></ul><hr><p><strong>If you have any questions, feel free to ask in our <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">Telegram chat</a></strong></p><hr><h3 id="about-p2p-validator">About P2P Validator</h3><p>P2P Validator is a world-leading non-custodial staking provider securing more than $3 billion from over 10,000 delegators across 25+ high-class networks. We were early investors in Solana and have supported the network from the first block, taking part in all stages of testing and voting.</p><p><br><strong>Web</strong>: <a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_campaign=sol_guide">p2p.org</a><br><strong>Stake</strong> <strong>SOL</strong> <strong>with</strong> <strong>us</strong>: <a href="https://p2p.org/solana?utm_source=blog&utm_campaign=sol_guide">p2p.org/solana</a><br><strong>Twitter</strong>: <a href="https://twitter.com/P2Pvalidator?ref=p2p.org">@p2pvalidator</a><br><strong>Telegram</strong>: <a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">t.me/P2Pstaking</a></p>
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<p>This year has been marked by the surge of decentralized finance (DeFi) and rise of a value locked through Uniswap - an automated market maker. Despite this, notable limitations like slow transaction processing, a spike in gas prices and the absence of trustless cross-chain swaps still exist, aggravating user experience.</p><p>Serum is going to eliminate these limitations of DeFi space. It is a <strong><strong>trustless decentralized exchange by design</strong></strong> built on top of Solana blockchain implying low latency and high transaction speed. Serum has <strong><strong>cross-chain support</strong></strong> and does not rely on centralized price feeds. <strong><strong>It is fully interoperable with Ethereum ecosystem</strong></strong> and provides the same trading experience that users get on centralized platforms by being the first high-throughput exchange that has a fully <strong><strong>on-chain orderbook and matching engine</strong></strong>.</p><p>Due to impressive performance qualities <strong><strong>Serum can become a foundational block for DeFi</strong></strong>.</p><p><em><em>With that in mind, P2P Validator is thrilled to announce the launch of Serum node with the mission of fostering DeFi growth and supporting censorship-resistance of value exchange.</em></em></p><p>Our team has extensive experience in setting up secure infrastructure. <strong><strong>P2P Validator maintains high-availability nodes and provides secure staking services for the most groundbreaking projects in the blockchain space</strong></strong>. We are an early Solana investor and active contributor operating a robust validator for mainnet beta. The node infrastructure is under advanced monitoring with 24/7 technical support, backups and alerts.</p><h3 id="about-serum"><strong>About Serum</strong></h3><p><a href="https://projectserum.com/?ref=p2p.org">Serum</a> is a trustless decentralized exchange that enables seamless cross-chain trading and outstanding user experience. It allows fast order placement and on-chain order matching overcoming existing limitations in the space. It was founded by a group including team members from<a href="https://ftx.com/?ref=p2p.org"> FTX</a> and<a href="https://www.alameda-research.com/?ref=p2p.org"> Alameda Research</a> supported by advisors from Compound, BitMax, TomoChain and other notable projects. The list of partners include: Aleph.im, BitMax, FTX, Kyber Network, Leminscap, Multicoin Capital and many other well-established companies.</p><p>Learn more by visiting the<a href="https://projectserum.com/?ref=p2p.org"> Serum Project website</a>,<a href="https://twitter.com/ProjectSerum?ref=p2p.org"> Twitter</a> or<a href="https://t.me/ProjectSerum?ref=p2p.org"> Telegram</a>. If youāre a developer, read a technical<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1isGJES4jzQutI0GtQGuqtrBUqeHxl_xJNXdtOv4SdII/edit?ref=p2p.org#"> introduction to Serum</a> and join the discussion on<a href="https://discord.com/invite/MxZFT4v?ref=p2p.org"> Discord</a>.</p><h3 id="about-p2p-validator"><strong>About P2P Validator</strong></h3><p><a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_campaign=serum_intro">P2P Validator</a> is a world-leading staking provider with the best industry security practices and proven expertise. We provide comprehensive due-diligence of digital assets and offer only top-notch staking opportunities. At the time of the latest update, <strong><strong>more than </strong>3<strong> </strong>b<strong>illion of USD value is staked with P2P Validator by over </strong>10,<strong>000 delegators across </strong>2<strong>5+ networks.</strong></strong> We are early Solana investors and contributors having a goal to provide the long term support for the ecosystem.</p><hr><p><strong><strong>Web:</strong></strong><a href="https://p2p.org/?utm_source=blog&utm_campaign=serum_intro"> https://p2p.org</a></p><p><strong><strong>Twitter:</strong></strong><a href="https://twitter.com/p2pvalidator?ref=p2p.org"> @p2pvalidator</a></p><p><strong><strong>Telegram: </strong></strong><a href="https://t.me/P2Pstaking?ref=p2p.org">https://t.me/P2Pstaking</a></p>
from p2p validator