<h2 id="tldr"><br><strong>TLDR</strong></h2><ul><li>P2P.org invests in Rakurai to enhance validator performance and increase staking returns for Solana delegators.</li><li>Rakurai's technology delivers significantly faster transaction processing compared to standard Solana clients.</li><li>The investment strengthens P2P.org's position as an innovation-focused infrastructure provider in the Solana ecosystem.</li></ul><p>P2P.org is excited to announce our strategic investment in Rakurai, a revolutionary Solana staking protocol that's redefining transaction throughput and validator rewards on the network. This move aligns with our ongoing commitment to enhance blockchain infrastructure and deliver superior staking solutions to our clients.</p><h2 id="transforming-solanas-infrastructure"><strong>Transforming Solana's Infrastructure</strong></h2><p>Rakurai recently secured $3 million in seed funding led by Anagram Ventures, with participation from P2P.org, Cyber Fund, Colosseum, Slow Ventures, Robot Ventures, Crypto.com, and other strategic investors.</p><p>Rakurai are in a class of its own due to their novel approach to transaction scheduling and pipeline optimization. Rakurai’s internal tests show the platform has the potential to deliver up to <strong>5x better performance than existing Solana clients</strong>, significantly increasing transaction throughput while maintaining high quality of service.</p><h2 id="why-p2porg-invested"><strong>Why P2P.org Invested</strong></h2><p>Our investment in Rakurai represents a strategic alignment with P2P.org's core goals of maximising returns for our clients and supporting critical infrastructure innovation. By partnering with Rakurai, we're positioning ourselves at the forefront of Solana validator optimization.</p><p>Specifically, this investment will:</p><ol><li>Help us explore cutting-edge validator node technologies that could significantly improve staking returns</li><li>Enable P2P.org to offer enhanced transaction processing capabilities to institutional clients with high-throughput requirements</li><li>Strengthen the Solana ecosystem by supporting technology that benefits the entire network</li></ol><p>The potential for increased block rewards through Rakurai's optimized transaction processing aligns perfectly with our commitment to maximizing returns for our 90,000+ delegators across all networks.</p><h2 id="bridging-tradfi-and-defi"><strong>Bridging TradFi and DeFi</strong></h2><p>The Rakurai team brings over two decades of experience in ASIC/SOC development and building ultra-low latency, high-throughput systems for algorithmic trading. Led by former <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/s-alirizvi?ref=p2p.org" rel="noreferrer"><strong>Apple engineer </strong>Ali Rizvi</a>, the team has already demonstrated their capabilities by winning first place in the infrastructure track of the Colosseum Renaissance Hackathon.</p><p>"We believe Rakurai addresses fundamental challenges that have constrained Solana's performance," said Steven Quinn, Head of Strategy at P2P.org. "By optimizing transaction scheduling and block creation, Rakurai improves network efficiency, creates substantial new value for validators and delegators, and lays the foundation for next-generation blockchain-based trading services and high bandwidth applications."</p><h2 id="impressive-growth-trajectory"><strong>Impressive Growth Trajectory</strong></h2><p>Even amidst challenging market conditions, Rakurai has established itself as one of Solana's fastest-growing validators. Since late January, their network stake has surged by an impressive 390%, growing from approximately 17,960 SOL to over 88,080 SOL.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfIc30mQuxiinaaxeMfd187tmUfnh8UI-Lk9rpYvOntw7EvwCyFy6x56uWhPFDwDM11iCkwPzVON0et56VkAd4FqY3h4E63d1BYkqVA-QWn_6NKMF6XztM-rprRIyRsa6iXikt0sQ?key=uQUCh4_wT2xJOoN3KF80tR5t" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="610"></figure><p><em>Img: Rukarai Stake Growth since 25th of January 2025</em></p><h2 id="looking-forward"><strong>Looking Forward</strong></h2><p>Our investment in Rakurai reflects our commitment to pushing the boundaries of what's possible in blockchain infrastructure. We're excited to support the team to develop products that significantly increase Solana throughput, benefiting users, stakers, and node operators throughout the ecosystem.</p><p>For Solana validators interested in boosting block rewards or applications seeking higher bandwidth, we recommend reaching out directly to the Rakurai team via Rakurai.io.</p><h2 id="about-rakurai"><strong>About Rakurai</strong></h2><p>Rakurai is supercharging transaction landing on Solana, boosting block rewards for node operators and stakers. Their technology allows applications to increase bandwidth while drastically reducing latency. Leading web3 funds including Anagram, Cyber.Fund, Slow Ventures, Colosseum, Crypto.com, and infrastructure providers like P2P.org and GlobalStake participated in their $3M fundraise.</p><p>Web: <a href="www.Rakurai.io" rel="noreferrer">Rakurai.io</a>&nbsp;</p><p>Twitter: @Rakurai_io</p>

<p>This blog was written based on Pavel Iashin's <a href="https://purple-sea-cb0.notion.site/Max-Effective-Balance-Increase-Slashing-Risks-in-Pectra-14df8e6f8ab580e4a484d7da4b56dfd1?ref=p2p.org"><u>research on MEB and slashing risks in Pectra</u></a>.</p><h2 id="tldr"><strong>TLDR</strong></h2><ul><li><em>The Pectra upgrade reduces Ethereum slashing penalties for single validators by up to 128x, making staking a safer and more attractive option for all stakers.&nbsp;</em></li><li><em>P2P.org offers a range of variable risk/reward staking solutions, offering strategies based on your unique risk tolerance</em></li><li><em>With advanced slashing protection and professional management, P2P.org ensures Ethereum staking is secure and optimized for the best possible returns.</em></li></ul><p>Ethereum staking will change drastically with the upcoming Pectra upgrade, which is expected to go live in April 2025. The upgrade offers a significant opportunity for stakers, introducing more flexibility in balancing risk and reward. For the first time, stakers can dramatically reduce their exposure to penalties while maintaining attractive yields. At P2P.org, we're ready to help you understand and utilize these changes with <strong>personally tailored staking solutions</strong> designed around your individual risk tolerance.</p><p>This new era of Ethereum staking combines security with improved returns – a combination that was previously impossible to achieve. Whether you're a conservative staker seeking maximum protection or a growth-oriented staker looking to optimize, the Pectra upgrade opens up new possibilities for customizing your staking strategy.</p><h3 id="eip-7251-in-a-nutshell"><strong>EIP-7251 in a nutshell</strong></h3><p><a href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7251?ref=p2p.org"><u>Ethereum Improvement Proposal #7251</u></a>, also known as the Maximum Effective Balance (MEB) Increase, will address the inefficiencies of the current Ethereum staking design. This update will enable allocating up to 2048 ETH for a single validator alongside other important improvements and changes, such as auto-compounding and validator consolidations. We have shared more information about the upcoming changes in validator economics in our <a href="https://p2p.org/economy/ethereum-pectra-upgrade-a-shift-in-staking-mechanics/"><u>recent blog post</u></a> about the upgrade.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXej2CRaaVhdnN3nzl0Ybcy86XlgGHRk-qT40cdnf-QXcmmTqeS5rzwPdGRoV1IsKMS1Nk343WCQfhHALbpMn-daV2Yr2stb8fOrxgYsU65nhsbcJKLd5yIinjgwM2M1QV_MkTlxOg?key=Z5eK-GkRd-O7PM9Klu8-_q4d" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1218" height="964"></figure><p><em>Img: Increased validator balance of up to 2048 ETH</em></p><h2 id="understanding-slashing-what-you-need-to-know"><strong>Understanding Slashing: What You Need to Know</strong></h2><p>Think of slashing as Ethereum's security system – it's a protective measure that helps maintain the network's integrity by penalizing validators who break the rules, whether intentionally or due to technical issues. Under the current system, these penalties can be significant, but the Pectra update is about to change that in your favor.</p><h3 id="why-does-slashing-happen"><strong>Why Does Slashing Happen?</strong></h3><p>Slashing occurs in three specific situations, and understanding them helps explain why professional management is crucial:</p><p><strong>Double Proposals</strong> (Proposing two different blocks for the same slot)</p><ol><ul><li>Think of this as sending two different versions of the same email. This usually happens due to technical issues with the validator setup such as using the same keys in multiple setups.</li><li>Professional operators like P2P.org have sophisticated systems to prevent this.</li></ul></ol><p><strong>Double Voting</strong> (Two different votes in the same slot)</p><ol><ul><li>Similar to marking two different answers on a test. This is the most common cause of slashing.</li><li>This usually also occurs when the same keys are used in multiple setups or the validator software has database issues.</li></ul></ol><p>Instead of handling raw keys (which creates risk), we implement Threshold Signature Schemes (TSS), which split one validator key into<strong> three separate shards</strong>, requiring any two shards to create a valid signature. <br><br>This 2-of-3 approach provides:</p><ol><ul><ol><li>Enhanced security: No single point stores the complete key</li><li>Operational flexibility: Enables node maintenance without missing attestations</li><li>Failover protection: The system remains operational even if one shard is compromised.</li></ol></ul></ol><p><strong>Surround Voting</strong> (Making conflicting votes about the chain's history)</p><ol><ul><li>This is like giving contradictory testimonies about the same event.</li><li>This can happen if a validator either has a database problem, uses multiple keys, is affected by a bug, or is involved in malicious activity.</li><li>Professional management ensures proper synchronization at all times.</li></ul></ol><p><strong><em>The good news?</em></strong> When it comes to slashing incidents, the data is reassuring: 90% are caused by double voting, 10% by double proposals, and none by surround voting. These incidents are extremely rare and typically occur when validator keys are mistakenly used across multiple validators. Working with professional operators who follow strict security protocols virtually eliminates these risks.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>At P2P.org, we have:</strong></p><ul><li>Advanced slashing protection systems</li><li>Real-time 24/7 monitoring of validator performance</li><li>Immediate response protocols for any anomalies</li><li>Regular system audits and updates</li></ul><div class="kg-card kg-button-card kg-align-center"><a href="https://www.p2p.org/networks/ethereum?ref=p2p.org#form" class="kg-btn kg-btn-accent">Start Staking with P2P.org</a></div><h3 id="how-slashing-works"><strong>How Slashing Works</strong></h3><p>Slashing is Ethereum's security mechanism that penalizes validators who break protocol rules. When a violation occurs, three distinct penalties come into play:</p><ol><li>The <strong>Initial Penalty</strong> is applied immediately when a violation is detected. Currently, it's set at 1 ETH for every 32 ETH staked. This acts as the immediate consequence for breaking protocol rules.</li><li>The <strong>Inactivity Penalty</strong> accumulates during the withdrawal period because the validator can no longer perform their duties. For a 32 ETH validator, this is currently around 0.057 ETH (as of February 2025), though the exact amount depends on the total effective balance of all validators in the network.</li><li>The <strong>Correlation Penalty</strong> increases if other validators are slashed within an 18-day window before or after the incident. This design protects against coordinated attacks by making group slashing events exponentially more expensive than isolated incidents.</li></ol><p>When a validator commits a violation, another validator must spot it and submit proof. Once the network confirms the violation, the initial penalty is applied immediately, and the forced withdrawal period begins. During this time, the blockchain monitors for other slashing events that might trigger correlation penalties. This creates a balanced approach where technical issues face lighter penalties, while coordinated misbehavior receives harsher treatment.</p><h3 id="what-changes-with-pectra"><strong>What Changes with Pectra?</strong></h3><p>With the Pectra upgrade, we will experience a shift in how Ethereum handles slashing penalties, making staking significantly safer for participants:</p><h3 id="understanding-the-components"><strong>Understanding the Components&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>With the upcoming Pectra upgrade, all three components of slashing are going to change:</p><p>The <strong>Initial Penalty</strong> will be reduced from 1 ETH to 0.0078125 ETH per 32 ETH validator. This means that small technical mistakes or isolated incidents become far less costly. For a validator with 2048 ETH (the new maximum), the initial penalty would be 0.5 ETH - still significant but much smaller than under the current system.</p><p>The <strong>Inactivity Penalty</strong> remains proportional to the validator's effective balance and continues through the 36-day withdrawal period. For context, with approximately 33.3M ETH staked (as of February 2025), a 32 ETH validator would face approximately 0.057096 ETH in inactivity penalties, while a 2048 ETH validator would see about 3.654152 ETH. These numbers vary based on changes in the total amount of ETH staked and base reward parameters.</p><p>The <strong>Correlation Penalty</strong> is where Pectra introduces improvements to maintain network security while being fairer to validators. The current system's correlation penalty can be uneven due to integer division effects, but Pectra implements a new formula that ensures proportional penalties regardless of validator size. This means a single 2048 ETH validator will face the same correlation penalty as sixty-four 32 ETH validators if the same total stake is affected.</p><h3 id="real-world-impact"><strong>Real-World Impact</strong></h3><p>Current System:</p><ul><li>A slashing incident affecting 32 ETH results in approximately 1.05 ETH in total penalties</li><li>This represents about 3.28% of the staked amount</li></ul><p>After Pectra:</p><ul><li>The same incident would result in only about 0.06 ETH in penalties</li><li>This represents just 0.19% of the staked amount</li></ul><p>This reduction in penalties won’t compromise network security because the correlation penalty still provides adequate protection against large-scale attacks. If a significant portion of validators (approaching 1/3 of total stake) are slashed simultaneously, the penalties can still result in complete stake loss, effectively deterring coordinated malicious behavior.</p><p>This is a risk reduction that makes staking significantly safer for conservative investors. When combined with P2P.org's professional management and customized risk assessment, <strong>you get a sophisticated level of protection for your stake.</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXf5ZLIFO15ECwt9FVGVzP_8QdR2KMdp5meyM2c1MYDvrtnQuzMNo6F9KEpq0HbHLb-etLppP7r96_uF_2NcJE7gNYJH6qCDZbjNv5ctr_JCI-Ktw0N-rcExXzneLB9StmHu-q91ow?key=Z5eK-GkRd-O7PM9Klu8-_q4d" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="788"></figure><p><em>Img:</em> <em>Comparison of Pre-Pectra and Post-Pectra penalties</em></p><h2 id="why-professional-management-matters"><strong>Why Professional Management Matters</strong></h2><p>The importance of professional validator management becomes clear when we examine the data on slashing incidents. According to our models, the time taken to respond to an incident significantly impacts the amount of stake affected. For a 4096 ETH cluster, <strong>a 25-minute response time results in about 0.02% of stake being affected</strong>, while a slower <strong>3-hour response increases this to around 0.1%</strong> - a fivefold increase in impact.</p><p>This difference becomes even more striking when we look at pre-Pectra penalties. The same scenarios under current rules would result in penalties of 12 ETH for quick responses versus 52 ETH for slower responses, with a significant portion coming from the initial penalty. Even though Pectra reduces the initial slashing penalty dramatically (from 1 ETH to 0.0078125 ETH for 32 ETH validators), the speed of response remains crucial.</p><p>Professional management makes a substantial difference in minimizing these risks. Automation tools can reduce response time to a single slot, significantly decreasing the potential for subsequent slashing events. This is particularly important because slashing incidents typically begin with an "alerting event" followed by potential "subsequent slashing events" that continue until the issue is resolved.</p><p>The data shows that professional management with rapid response capabilities is crucial in reducing their impact when they occur. This becomes even more important in Pectra's environment of consolidated validators, where a single incident could affect larger amounts of stake.</p><p>After all, prevention is still the best strategy. That's why P2P.org:</p><ul><li>Uses battle-tested validator software</li><li>Maintains separate databases for each validator group</li><li>Provides 24/7 technical monitoring</li><li>Offers rapid response to any potential issues</li></ul><h2 id="risk-management-with-p2porg"><strong>Risk Management with P2P.org</strong></h2><p>At P2P.org, we understand that every staker has unique needs and concerns. That's why we:</p><ul><li>Conduct detailed risk assessment consultations with each client</li><li>Design personalized staking strategies based on your specific risk tolerance</li><li>Provide ongoing risk monitoring tailored to your comfort level</li><li>Adjust strategies as your risk tolerance evolves</li></ul><div class="kg-card kg-button-card kg-align-center"><a href="https://www.p2p.org/networks/ethereum?ref=p2p.org#form" class="kg-btn kg-btn-accent">Start Staking with P2P.org</a></div><h2 id="your-next-steps"><strong>Your Next Steps</strong></h2><p>If you've been waiting for the right time to stake your ETH, the Pectra update provides the security and peace of mind you've been looking for. P2P.org's personalized approach ensures you get a staking solution that perfectly matches your risk tolerance.</p><p>Ready to start staking with peace of mind? Contact P2P.org's team to schedule your personal risk assessment consultation and learn how you can adjust your staking strategy specifically to your needs.</p>