<p><em>At P2P.org, we’re examining Monad's architecture and potential implications for the web3 ecosystem. Here's what makes this protocol worth watching.</em></p><h2 id="understanding-monads-position"><strong>Understanding Monad's Position </strong></h2><p>Blockchain networks today face a constant trade-off between performance, scalability, and developer accessibility. While some chains prioritize speed and parallelism, others focus on ecosystem maturity and tooling. Monad bridges both worlds by combining high-throughput performance with full EVM compatibility.</p><h1 id="technical-framework-parallel-execution-with-evm-compatibility"><strong>Technical Framework: Parallel Execution with EVM Compatibility</strong></h1><p></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXf1P9O3KxgxO2eIJHTDdnPKF424MapsJIKr6J2bQp4iN6U8LmftkWSkawRxlsqACYZdsokVCDPcmsTdM4N3VFrRzRgs8dg8IesJbIXSGWWmEv1f3l2kTIu2OU3AJMKzirzXNbhnMw?key=lbgW6HuoAyZNsW_481ZAwxYT" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1600" height="976"></figure><p>Monad's core technical proposition combines two main elements: Full EVM Compatibility, which enables developers to work with familiar Ethereum tooling and code bases, and Parallel Transaction Execution, which allows multiple independent transactions to run simultaneously. This architectural approach positions Monad as a potential bridge between Ethereum's developer ecosystem and the performance capabilities seen in alternative Layer 1 solutions. For teams working within the Ethereum ecosystem, this could reduce friction when exploring higher-throughput environments. <br><br>Monad’s EVM compatibility allows for easy implementation of bridging solutions and cross-chain applications, eliminating the need to build an entirely new ecosystem. This approach drives both increased adoption and accessibility, as developers can leverage their existing expertise within a familiar framework.</p><h1 id="monadbft-a-new-consensus-approach"><strong>MonadBFT: A New Consensus Approach</strong></h1><p>Monad introduces the MonadBFT, a custom consensus protocol purpose-built to deliver high throughput, fast finality, and strong guarantees in adversarial conditions. It introduces several design choices that address real-world pain points in modern BFT systems without sacrificing performance or decentralization. Here are the key features:</p><ul><li><strong>Tail-Fork Resistance</strong>: Prevents malicious leaders from forking recent blocks for MEV. Once a proposal reaches quorum, the next leader must build on it, ensuring stability.<br></li><li><strong>Linear Communication Complexity</strong>: Keeps communication efficient as the validator set grows. MonadBFT scales smoothly, maintaining performance in large, decentralized networks.<br></li><li><strong>Speculative Finality in One Round</strong>: Transactions are finalized after one round of validator votes, offering near-instant confirmations and a better user experience.</li></ul><p><em>For technical details, the Monad Foundation has published a whitepaper titled "</em><a href="https://x.com/monad_xyz/status/1907471952710865382?ref=p2p.org"><em><u>MonadBFT: Fast, Responsive, Fork-Resistant Streamlined Consensus</u></em></a><em>" that outlines the complete protocol specifications.</em></p><h1 id="how-does-monad-perform-vs-ethereum-and-solana"><strong>How does Monad perform vs. Ethereum, and Solana?</strong></h1><p>While Ethereum and Solana have set important milestones in scalability and ecosystem growth, Monad introduces a design that aims to blend both best without compromising performance or decentralization. Here’s how they compare across core technical dimensions:</p> <!--kg-card-begin: html--> <table style="border:none;border-collapse:collapse;"><colgroup><col width="143"><col width="233"><col width="233"><col width="233"></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Feature</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Ethereum</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Solana</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Monad</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">TPS</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-right: 0.3602362204724443pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">~14 TPS</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">4,000 - 4,500* TPS</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">10,000+ TPS (testnet)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Execution Model</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Sequential</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Parallel (Sealevel)</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Parallel (Optimistic)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">EVM Compatibility</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Native</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Not Compatible</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Fully compatible</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Finality</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-right: 0.3602362204724443pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">~12 min</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-right: 0.3602362204724443pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">~13 seconds</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"><1 sec (speculative)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Consensus</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Proof of Stake (Casper FFG + LMD Ghost)</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-right: 0.3602362204724443pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Tower BFT + Proof of History</span></p></td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;color:#003057;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">MonadBFT</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <!--kg-card-end: html--> <p></p><p>*Including Solana voting transactions<br>** Data on Monad TPS can be verified here: <a href="https://messari.io/compare/megaeth-vs-monad?ref=p2p.org"><u>https://messari.io/compare/megaeth-vs-monad</u></a></p><h1 id="current-achievements"><strong>Current Achievements </strong></h1><p>Monad remains in active development, with ongoing community and developer growth, while also reporting several technical milestones from the testnet environments:</p><ul><li><strong>Throughput Performance</strong>: Tests showing processing capacity exceeding 10,000 TPS</li><li><strong>Finality Speed</strong>: Implementations demonstrating sub-second speculative finality</li><li><strong>Community and Developer Engagement</strong>: Monad has enjoyed continuous community and developer growth, with its X account having achieved over 1 million followers and the <a href="https://www.monad.xyz/ecosystem?ref=p2p.org"><u>ecosystem of dApps</u></a> growing daily. </li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfe35FHv91vkp-fopK9bQOppi94QUnSnmu9ymQkEuueOra6NRli9ZejBz6R1rbSO6wBXYGkb3Jo4sGQluj8ij26I9nF2bbOWbiHl6_Gi6UMFpTuxv5SkuQJgZfe27y2LqctmDHUHw?key=lbgW6HuoAyZNsW_481ZAwxYT" class="kg-image" alt loading="lazy" width="1024" height="562"></figure><p>It's important to note that testnet performance metrics represent controlled environments, and real-world network conditions will ultimately determine how these systems perform at scale.</p><p>While the network is still in its early stages, it brings together strong foundational elements, such as EVM compatibility, high-performance architecture, and a clear focus on scalability. If Monad continues to maintain its momentum and progress, this Layer 1 solution has the potential to establish itself as a strong player in the web3 space. </p><p>P2P.org is excited to see Monad’s progression and will continue to report on ongoing developments. If you’re considering staking in the Monad ecosystem or exploring future opportunities, feel free to reach out to P2P.org.</p>
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